CHAPTER ONE
INTRODUCTION
1.1 Background of
the Study
The increasing cost of running government coupled with
dwindling revenue has led various State governmentsin Nigeria with formulating
strategies to improve the revenue baseOnyishi, (2012). More so, the near
collapse of the NationalEconomy has created serious financial stress for all
tiers of government. Despite the numerous sources ofrevenue available to the
various tiers of government as specified in the Nigeria 1999 constitution,
since the1970s till now, over 80% of the annual revenue of the three tiers of
government come from petroleumAgbu, (2004). However,the serious decline in the
price of oil in recent years has led to a decrease in the funds available for
distributionto the states. The need for state and local government to generate
adequate revenue from internal sources hastherefore become a matter of extreme
urgency and importance. This need underscores the eagerness on thepart of state
and local governments and even the federal government to look for new sources
of revenue or tobecome aggressive and innovative in the mode of collecting
revenue from existing sourcesEdosa, (2003).
Development is a sine qua non for modern civilization. In
order to carryout development at all nooks andcrannies of the society, it is
the responsibility of the Government to provide direct development topeople to
a certain level. Development is associated with funds and much revenue is
needed to plan, executeand maintain infrastructures(Ekpo, and Ndebbio 2008).
The needed revenue generated for such developmental projects, like construction
of accessible roads, building of public schools, health care centres,
construction of bridges aregenerated from taxes, royalties, haulages ,fines,
and grants from the states, national and internationalgovernments. These funds
could either be obtained internally or externally. Thus, the Governmentcannot
embark, execute and possibly carryout the maintenance of these projects without
adequate revenuegenerationNwankwo, (2004).
Revenue generation in Nigeria’s local government is
principally derived from TAX. Therefore, taxation is aninternal source of
government revenue within the domestic economy. Its collection and service to
thegovernment depends largely on the government itself. Taxation has been
described in many ways and for thepurpose of this study it will be seen as
compulsory levy imposed on a subject or upon his property by thegovernment
having authority over his property through its agencies with the aim of
providing, maintaining andimproving social facilities in the communities at large
and for which the tax payer has no quid pro que. This study will examine the
effects of revenue generation on infrastructural developmentMadi et al. (2010).
Nigeria as a sovereign state operates a federal system of
government, that is, the federal government, state government and the local
government councils. Onwo (2012) Observed that each level of the three tiers of
government derive its powers not from the magnanimity of the central government
but from the constitution; each level of government has defined
responsibilities assigned to it by the constitution. The implication of this is
that the three segments of governments are mutually interrelated in a unified
effort to make life worth – while for the masses.
Local governments operate at the grassroots and are expected
to provide services to their stakeholders. In a federal system like Nigeria,
local governments are close to the people and hence could effectively alter
socioeconomic and political conditions within their jurisdictions. Apart from
providing and maintaining basic infrastructures, local governments can
complement the economic activities of other levels of government. This of
course depends on the availability and proper utilization of funds.
Revenue generation is therefore an important issue for Local
Government Councils. It is through this activity that the Councils source the
finance for funding their operations, thus to a large extent, determining the
quantity and quality of services provided to the generality of people within
their domain. These reasons, coupled with the fact that Local Governments are
engines of growth and development, make imperative the need for Local
Governments to map out strategies for improved revenue generation, emphasising
especially the internal sources which are more flexible, and could be in the
total control of the Local Governments.
Local governments in Nigeria are created to bring governance
closer to the people at the grass-root level and promote political
participation. It is the closest tier of government to the people in Nigeria,
yet the resident population in it is denied the benefits of its existence. This
is evident in the environmental state, deteriorating public school buildings,
poor market facilities and lack of health centers as well as access roads and
drainages. According to Olusola (2011), the failure of the Local governments in
the area of service delivery has made the citizens to lose trust in government
as an institution. In some areas, council officials are better known for the
harassment of citizens than service delivery (Shar, 2007). This is basically
due to the difficult in generating revenue for its operations, as well as
fulfilling its constitutional responsibilities. As a result of this
development, many Nigerians crave for change in the local government system as
presently constituted in order not only to bring it in conformity with present
day realities but also to make it live up to the expectations of the people who
have been yearning for development and a sense of belonging.
In order to fulfill these important constitutional
responsibilities, local governments require huge sums of money, which is
usually difficult to generate. The primary source of local government
sustenance is from Federal Allocation. It is the livewire of a local
government. Sections 7 and 8 of the 1999 Constitution of the Federal Republic
of Nigeria provide for the existence of an autonomous and democratic local
government. It also outlined the sources of local government revenue to include
rates, statutory allocations, fines, earnings and profits, fees and charges,
grants, loans and other miscellaneous sources. The extent to which a local
government can go in accomplishing its goal largely depends on its revenue
strength. The capacity of local government to generate revenue internally is
one very crucial consideration for the creation of a local council. Despite
these considerations, the local governments still encounter mirage of
difficulties in generating revenue.
Local government administrations in the country experienced
fundamental changes in 1976. The 1976 local government reform created for the
first time, a single-tier structure of local government in place of the
different structure in the various states. The 1976 reform is of great
importance because it hinges on restructuring of the financial system of local
governments in Nigeria. The reforms instituted statutory allocation of revenue
from the federation accounts with the intention of giving local government
fixed proportions of both the federation accountand states revenue. This
allocation to local government became mandatory and was entrenched in the
recommendations of the Aboyade Revenue Commissions of 1977. The 1979
constitution empowered the National Assembly to determine what proportion of
the federation account and revenue from a state to allocate its local
governments.
Statement of the Problem
The essence of reforming local government system in Nigeria
is to bring about stable increases in income, productivity, diversification of
its economy and general quality of lives in the rural areas. But the ability of
the local governments in Nigeria to accomplish these tasks depends on their
financial endowments.Therefore, finance is the bedrock of any organization,
including the local government system. It is generally agreed that
functionality of local government, the level at which services are rendered,
and the quality of services are strongly tied to the financial resources
available to it.
Local governments in Nigeria are faced with many
difficulties in sourcing adequate revenue; such problems are cogwheel to the
smooth running of the local government system. With the local government reform
of 1976, local governments in Nigeria became recognized as the third tier of
government, vested with the statutory powers to discharge the duties and
responsibilities of government. To achieve this, no doubt, efficient and
effective revenue generation and management becomes germane. The revenue
issues, particularly the problem of generation are well documented.
However, there have been a tendency, conscious or
unconsciously, to over generalize the problems of local governments. Though the
empirical fact from extant literature revealed the problems of some local
governments in the country, the experience of Ezeagu local government seems to
have been ignored in that respect. This, therefore, necessitates a study of
this nature to investigate if Ezeagu local government is faced with enormous
abnormalities occasioned by revenue collectors, issues of financial autonomy,
poor governance and unwillingness by higher levels of government to release
resources to the local government in revenue generation. Based on the above
recognized problems in the extant literature, the study raised the following
questions to fill the gap in the literature:Has the absence of well-trained
revenue collectors constitute revenue generation problem in Ezeagu LGA? Does
lack of transparency by revenue collectors impede revenue making in Ezeagu
local government?Has poor governance and lack of financial autonomy contributed
to the problems of revenue generation in Ezeagu LGA?
Objectives of the Study
The broad objective of the study is to determine Internal
Revenue Generation: problems and prospects, with focus on Ezeagu local
government area of Enugu state. However, the specific objectives are:
To determine the absence of lack of well-trained revenue
collectors on revenue generation in Ezeagu LGA;
To ascertain if lack of transparency by revenue collectors
impede revenue generation in Ezeagu local government;
To examine how poor governance and lack of financial
autonomy contributes to the problems of revenue generation in Ezeagu LGA.
1.4 Research
Question
What is the effect of the absence of lack of well-trained
revenue collectors on revenue generation in Ezeagu LGA?
Does lack of transparency by revenue collectors impede
revenue making in Ezeagu local government
Has poor governance and lack of financial autonomy
contributed to the problems of revenue generation in Ezeagu LGA
Research
Hypothesis
H0the absence of lack of well-trained revenue collectors
does not affect revenue generation in Ezeagu LGA?
Hithe absence of lack of well-trained revenue collectors
affect revenue generation in Ezeagu LGA
H0 Lack of transparency by revenue collectors does not
impede revenue making in Ezeagu local government
Hi Lack of transparency by revenue collectors impede revenue
making in Ezeagu local government
H0 Poor governance and lack of financial autonomy does not
contribute to the problems of revenue generation in Ezeagu LGA?
HiPoor governance and lack of financial autonomy contribute
to the problems of revenue generation in Ezeagu LGA
1.6 Significance of the Study
The study has theoretical and practical significance.
Theoretically, it will determine the problems and prospects of revenue
generation in Nigerian local government system, particularly in Ezeagu local
government.
This is more so considering the debate the issue of local
government revenue has generated since the return of democracy to Nigeria in
1999. It will also contribute to the noble goal of making local governments in
Nigeria more effective. More so, this study is expected to add to the body of
literature on local government and stipulate further research in this
direction. The constant need to improve governance in Nigeria, particularly the
local governments, makes the contributions of this work invaluable as reference
for further research in local governments in Nigeria.
Practically, the findings of this research will assist
policy makers and local government administrators in making local governments
in Nigeria more financially viable and efficient in service delivery. It will
also go a long way in making local governments in the country more viable,
efficient, effective and self-reliant as the finding will bring to the fore
issues that have undermined the revenue generation mechanisms of the local
government system. It will therefore serve as a guide to local government
administrators.
1.7 Scope of the
Study
This study only covers Internal Revenue Generation: problems
and prospects, in Ezeagu local government area of Enugu state
1.8 Limitation of the Study
The success of this research was affected by:
Time Constraints: The researcher faced the robin’s choice of
time management to enable him meet with the target time. If there were to be
more time, this work would have been made more simplified for a lay man to
comprehend.
Finance: The researcher lacked funds to holistically embark
on this study. However some funds were raised from friends and well-wishers who
helped significantly to a reasonable extent.
Attitude of Respondents:
This researcher like any other researcher encountered respondents were
difficult in giving away information for fear that it would be aired thereby
exposing their institution to negative impression. Nevertheless, the researcher
was able to apply wisdom by explaining to them that the the study is purely for
student project research purposes.
1.9 Definition of Terms
1. Federal Inland
Revenue Sevice (Firs):- This is the body set up by section 5.1 of ITA (1979)
and charged with the overall administration of companies income tax act.
2. Income:- There
is no statement that defines the word “ income“ in taxation status. However,
for the purpose of this study reference is made to section 5.4 (2) (6) of
income tax management act (ITMA)1961, which recognizes income as including any
amount deemed to be income under the act.
3. Tax Arrears: –
These are assessment of tax during the preceding period whose payment are
received at the current assessment period.
4. Tax Avoidance:
– This is the arrangement of the affairs of the tax payer in such a way as to
reduce tax payable. Tax avoidance is not a criminal or crime punishable under
the law. This was clearly stated in Lord Tumbling declared as follows in his
judgment
Every man is entitled to order his affair so that the tax
attached under the appropriate tax act is less than is otherwise would be.
According to Longman Dictionary of contemporary English, tax
avoidance are Legal ways of paying less tax.
5. Tax Base: –
This is simply that object on which tax should be imposed or applies.
6. Tax Evasion:-Is
a fraudulent, dishonest intentional distortions or concealment of fingers by
the tax payer in order to reduce the tax payable. It is a criminal and
deceitful was of not paying tax or reducing ones tax liability. These offences
are punishable under law.
According to Longman Dictionary of contemporary English Tax
evasion are the illegal ways of paying less tax.
