TABLE
OF CONTENT
Coverpage
………………………………………….………………………..…………..……..i
Title page
………………………………………….………………………..…………………..ii
Certification
……………………………………………………………………………….…..iii
Dedication
……….………………………………………………………………..…….……..iv
Acknowledgement…………………………………………………………………..…………v
Table of
content……………………….……………………………………………..………..vi
List of tables
…………………………………………………………………….……….……viii
Abstract…………………………………………………………..…………………….……….ix
CHAPTER ONE:
INTRODUCTION
Background of the
Study…………………………………….……………………………1
Statement of the
Problem………………………………………………….…………..…2
Aim and
Objectives………………………………………………………..………………2
1.4 Significance of
the Study……………………………………………………………..…..3
1.5 Scope and
limitation……………………………………………………………………..…..3
1.6 Definition of
Terms……………………………………………………………………….…..3
CHAPTER TWO:
LITERATURE REVIEW
2.1 African
Architecture……………………………………………………………….….4
2.2 Local Building
Materials………………………………………………………….…….4
2.2.1 Potential of
Local Building Materials……………………………..…………………..5
2.2.2
Substructure/Foundation………………………………………………..……………..9
2.2.3
Flooring………………………………………………………..……………….………9
2.2.4 Wall and
Structural Frames…………………………..………………………..………9
2.2.5
Roofing………………………………………..….……………………………………10
2.2.6 Finishes/Fitting………………..……………………………………………………..10
2.3 The Benefit of
Local Building Materials……………………………..…….……..10
2.4 Advantages of
Local Building Materials……………………………..………..…..11
2.4.1
Availability……………………….……………………………………………………11
2.4.2
Affordation………………………………………………………………….………11
2.4.3 Energy
Efficiency……………………………………………….………………….…….12
2.4.4 Ozone
Friendly……………………….………………………………………..……..13
2.4.5
Reusability…………….……………………………………………………………..13
2.4.6
Biodegradability……………………………………………….……………..……..13
2.5 Problems in the
Use of Local Building Materials………………………….…………13
2.6 The Role of
Building Material Technology…………………………………..……14
2.7 The National
Housing Policy and Local Building materials……………………….16
CHAPTER THREE:
RESEARCH METHODOLOGY
3.1 Research
design…………………………………………………………………………….17
3.2 Target
Population……………………………………………………………………….……17
3.3 Methods of
Sampling………………………………………………………………..……….17
3.4 Sample
Size……………………………………………………………………………….18
3.5 Research
Tools……………………………………………………………………………18
3.6 Sources of data
……………………………………………………………………………….19
3.7 Test of
Reliability……………………………………………………………………..…….19
CHAPTER FOUR: RESULT
AND DISCUSSION OF FINDINGS.
4.1
Result…………………………………………………………………………………………20
4.2 Discussion of
findings………………………………………………………..……….33
CHAPTER FIVE:
CONCLUSION AND RECOMMENDATION.
5.1
Conclusion…………………………………………………………………………..…..34
5.2
Recommendations……………………………………………………………………..34
References
…………………………………………………………………………..….36
LIST OF TABLES
Table 2.1: Imported
Building Material for Building Construction in Nigeria and the alternative
Local Building Materials……………………………………..……………………..…….6
Table 4.1: Response
Rate of Questionnaire Distribution …………………..……….….20
Table 4.2:
Respondent’s Years of Experience ………………………………………..…21
Table 4.3:
Respondent’s Academic Qualification Educational……………………….……..21
Table 4.4: Factors
affecting the use of local building material …………………..…….22
Table 4.5: Mean
Scores of the benefit of local Building materials ……………………..…24
LIST OF FIGURE
Figure 4.1: Wood
construction………………………………………………………….28
Figure 4.2:Wood
construction in Roof …………………………………………………29
Figure 4.3:Bamboo in
construction site…………………………………………….….30
Figure 4.4: Mud
block…………………………………………………………..…….….31
Figure 4.5: Mud block
as a building materials ……………..……………………….….32
LIST OF APPENDIX
Appendix
I………………………………………………………………………..…….40
ABSTRACT
Building materials
often constitute the single largest input to housing construction in most
developing country cities particularly in Africa. This study therefore
investigates the usage of local materials in building projects. The objectives
are to find out the sort of local materials used in building construction, the
factors that affect their usage, benefits of local materials and ways of
improving their qualities. Therefore, related literatures were reviewed on sub
heading that concerns the subject matter in order to achieve the aim of the
study.The study also utilized field survey research design. The population of
the study is the construction professionals that are involved in the usage of
local materials. Descriptive survey research design was adopted for the study.
90 questionnaires were distributed for the study. Out of this 75 were returned
valid. Five point Lickert scale was used to elicit responses and data collected
analysed using frequency count and percentages (%). The findings of the
research work indicated factors affecting the use of local building material,
benefit of local building material and also ways of improving the quality of
local building materials.Durability and cost of production contribute most
among 14 factors that contribute to the usage of local materials while air
quality properties have least contribution. It cuts down or reduces price in a
relative term and Production of local building materials definitely creates
employment for the labour marketstand top among the eight benefits of local
materials highlighted in this study. However, the high cost of materials for
building houses is a serious challenge militating against delivery of decent
mass housing. This study thus, canvases the improvement and adoption of local
building materials for effective housing.
KEYWORDS: Building
material, Local building material, Improvement, Cost of materials, Nigeria.
CHAPTER
ONE
INTRODUCTION
1.1
BACKGROUND OF THE STUDY
In the traditional
societies, man depended on natural sources of energy and available local
materials for construction purposes according to his physiological needs. Thus,
using the locally available materials, they built houses that were more or less
satisfactory in providing them with the microclimate they needed. The
Industrial Revolution ushered in innovations in structural building practices
based primarily on the classical designs of earlier cultures. The new
structural forms, the invention of Portland cement and the development of an
efficient steel production process shifted the emphasis from stone and bricks
to iron, steel and concrete construction. There are lots of building materials
that can be sourced locally for construction purpose. Material is a major
component of construction cost and a reduction in the cost of material can also
result to reduction in over all construction cost. One major way to bring down
the cost of materials for affordable housing is a shift toward the usage of
local materials. Aribigbola (2011) asserted that affordable housing is that
which cost the occupant not more than 30% of their annual income and less than
20% annual income in Nigeria based on the stipulation of the Nigerian housing
policy. Inspite of several governmental efforts and policies, construction of
affordable and functional buildings in Nigeria have gone beyond the reach of
common man (Aribigbola, 2011). Gumel (2000) stated that materials accounts for
between 55% to 65% of construction cost and most of the materials used in
Nigeria are imported. However, Windapo and Iyagba (2007) postulated that
materials are about 35% to 37% of construction cost component, which is far
less than the finding (Gumel, 2000). Consequently, the general consensus is
that one key reason for high cost of construction in Nigeria is high cost of
building materials which are largely imported materials. This is so because
several factors affect imported materials prices such as foreign exchange,
freight, inflation, import duties and so on. Similarly, Oruwari, Jev and Owei
(2002) stated that the rising cost of building due to materials has made it
impossible for people to own affordable houses in Nigeria. It can therefore be
inferred that local building materials are not well utilized in Nigeria.
Ademiluyi (2010) suggests that a shift towards the usage of local building
materials will ameliorate the scenario of high construction cost in Nigeria. In
Nigeria, local building materials are found in large quantities and varieties,
although these materials are dependent upon the geographical location of the
area. The objectives of this study are to examine the usage of local building
materials in Nigeria, find out the factors that enhance their usage, pin point
their benefits and identify ways to improve their qualities.
1.2
PROBLEM STATEMENT
Olayiwola, Adeleye
and Ogunshakin (2005) suggest the use of local building materials to reduce
construction cost in Nigeria as it has been done profitably in Tanzania and
Sweden. Similarly, Daramola (2006) emphasizes the need to embrace the usage of
local building materials to achieve functional and affordable housing scheme in
Nigeria. This research therefore, will examine the usage of local building
materials in Nigeria and also find out the factors affecting the use of local
building materials for building construction.