Abstract
This topic “Effects of Rural–Urban migration on the rural
development in Umuahia North Local Government Area” has been considered as an
avenue to know the rural development process in Nigeria and its insurance. This
work will present the remote effects of rural – urban migration on rural
development. This study has been able to cover new growth which has hitherto
neglected by government.
Table of Contents
Title Page
Approval Page
Dedication
Acknowledgement
Abstract
Table Of Contents
CHAPTER ONE
1.0 INTRODUCTION
1.1 Background of the study
1.2 Statement of the problem
1.3 Objectives of the study
1.4 Research questions
1.5 Statement of hypothesis
1.6 Significance of the study
1.7 Scope of the study
1.8 Limitation of the study
1.9 Definition of terms
CHAPTER TWO
2.0 INTRODUCTION
2.1 Literature review
2.2 Migration
2.3 Causes of rural migration
2.4 Non-development theory of migration
2.5 Development theory of migration
2.6 Concept of development
2.7 Functional relationship between urban and
rural areas
2.8 Effects of rural migration
2.9 Strategies for rural development
2.10 Agricultural extension
2.11 Integrated rural development
2.12 Why rural development
2.13 References
CHAPTER THREE
3.0 INTRODUCTION
3.1 Research design and methodology
3.2 Research design
3.3 Sources/methods of data collection
3.4 Population and sample size
3.5 Sampling techniques
3.6 Validity and reliability of measuring
instrument
3.7 Methods of data analysis
CHAPTER FOUR
4.0 PRESENTATION AND ANALYSIS OF DATA
4.1 Introduction
4.2 Presentation of data
4.3 Analysis of data
4.4 Test of hypothesis
4.5 Interpretation of result
CHAPTER FIVE
5.0 SUMMARY, CONCLUSION AND RECOMMENDATION
5.1 Introduction
5.2 Summary of findings
5.3 Conclusion
5.4 Recommendation
References
Appendix
CHAPTER ONE
1.0 INTRODUCTION
Rural development is
a process of planned change for which one approach or the other is adopted for
improvement and transformation of the rural populace. It is a process of
ensuring that the poorer section of the population has some share in the fruit
of the economic activity. It is the means by which the provision of social
services for the rural population is combined with the promotion of economic
growth.
In order to bring
about real development in the rural areas, there must exist active
collaboration between government, non-governmental agencies, the private sector
and the rural communities themselves. Only such collective attempts can improve
the quality of life of those communities and significantly reduce the rate of
rural–urban migration.
The problems of our
urban centers cannot be solved unless those of the rural areas are first
solved. Rural–urban migration is functional to rural development and also to
the continual development of the urban areas and therefore needs to be stemmed.
In order to do this, those facilities and opportunities that exist in the urban
centres need to be available to the rural dwellers in the rural areas. Rural
development as a concept and as a programme of action has therefore attracted
so much attention and material resources that it has become enthroned as an
article of faith in the development of many third countries with the conviction
that rural development is the wonder formular for replacing rural poverty with
rural prosperity in the third world, national government, development agencies
and relevant international organizations across rural development in almost all
the third world countries.
To many people, rural
development simply means agricultural development, to some; it is primarily
concerned with welfare. These views are myopic because rural development should
include the political lives of the rural dwellers and should be relevant to the
alleviation of all the conditions associated with the rural sector. It is true
that economic box of the rural people is agriculture, but beyond food. They
also need education, employment, decent housing, medical care, electricity,
good roads and other means of communication.
The rural development
task environment is an inter governmental, supra ministerial, organizational
world which is important by a myriad of complex, large-scale, formal and
informal organizations, public and private organizations.
Dallam (2003)
therefore, conceptualizes rural development as involving four levels of
functioning in organization.
- A planned programme
of action through national formulated policies
- Self - help through
community mobilization and participation
- Technical
assistance through a large pool integration of federal recruited professionals.
- Integration of
various specialists through a systematic approach to rural development. From
this perspective, the motional planning process would start from the grass
roots by ascertaining from the people, their needs and this will make maximum
achievement of plan programmes. It will therefore relate projects to local
resources base and eliminate the bare wagon effect by which communities
proliferate the same projects over shorts distances without regard to their
optimum utilization; rural-urban migration in Nigeria therefore is a steady
flow of young school leavers from the rural areas to the urban areas. Reasons
for this rural urban migration are to search for job opportunities that will
improve one’s standard of living. Another reason is that people like living or
residing in a suitable environment. The third point why people migrate from
rural to urban areas is to escape from religions, political and social
situation of knowledge and skill.
Almost all the
universities and other institution of higher learning are located in urban
cities. Those seeking for higher education therefore move to the urban areas in
other to attend these institutions. Due to inadequate modern facilities in
rural areas, life in rural areas is generally dull. There are no social amenities
such as electricity, pipe born water, good and quality health centres. Also
there are no social activities like luxury restaurants, hotels, social
entertainment centers and good road networks etc. Many youths move to urban
areas for the sole purpose of enjoying these facilities.
1.1 BACKGROUND OF THE
STUDY
Umuahia north local
government area was established shortly after independence formally in
1961-1964,the local government was under district council headed by District
Officer (DO). Umuahia generally was under Bende district until 7th August 1976
when local government system came into being in Nigeria. By 1976, Ikwuano
Umuahia became one separated local government with the headquarter in umuahia
in 1991when umuahia was carved out from old Imo state when new state were
created .Ikwuano now became a separated local government from the entire
Umuahia. In 1996, they now divided Umuahia into two parts namely Umuahia north
housing the capital territory and its environs.The headquarter of umuahia north
is umuahia.Another one is the umuahia south which was also carved out from
umuahia.
In Umuahia north
local government of Abia state, there exist Eight (8) departments which include
thus:
i. Administration
Department
ii. Environment
Health Department
iii. Health
Department
iv. Finance
Department
v. Planning and
Statistics Department
vi. Social
development and Adult Education Department
vii. Agric Department
viii. Works
Department
These eight
departments that exist in Umuahia North local government area have their
different Head of Department (HOD) that heads each department.
The first chairman
that headed Umuahia North local government was Mr. Echeghika Akpunku Iheuwa
under the governorship of Ike Nwosu. The previous executive chairman by name
Royal High Chief Princewil Ikechukwu Ukaegbu left the seat on 21st January 2010
after completing his tenor. Presently, Umuahia North Local government has no
executive chairman rather they have the Head of service (HOS) whose name is
J.O.C Kalu.
J.O.C Kalu is the one
heading Umuahia North Local government until another executive chairman is
elected.
Umuahia North Local
government area is made up of twenty (20) political wards and 48 Autonomous
communities. The 20 twenty political wards include:
1. Isingwu ward
2. Afaraukwu ward
3. Ibeku east ward 1
4. Ibeku east ward ii
5. Ibeku west ward
6. Urban ward 1
7. Urban ward ii
8. Urban ward iii
9. Ugba urban ward iv
10. Urban ward v
11. Afor-ugiri ward i
12. Afor-ugiri ward
ii
13. Nkwo-achara ward
14. Azu-eke ward
15. Mbocha ward
16. Ndume ward
17. Orie-ndu ward
18. Okanuga-Alaike
ward
19. Nkwo-egwu ward
20. Umuhu ward
The 48 Autonomous
communities included as follows:
1. Ndume Autonomous
community
2. Mbocha Autonomous
community
3. Azu-eke Autonomous
community
4. Afaraukwu Autonomous
community
5. Okwunaga
Autonomous community
6. Isiama-Afara
Autonomous community
7. Isingwu Autonomous
community
8. Okpu Isingwu
Autonomous community
9. Umuawa-Alaocha
Autonomous community
10. Umunkaru Umuawa
Autonomous community
11. Afor ugiri
Autonomous community
12. Egwu-ukwu
Autonomous community e.t.c
Each Autonomous
Communities have their different Ezes and Tow Union that help in carrying out
their specific functions.
1.2. STATEMENT OF THE
PROBLEM
Some factors leads to
the high flow of rural-urban migration such as:
1. Lack of good road
network to transport farm products to market where the farmers will sell their
products.
2. Insufficient
educational facilities to improve the educational standard of the rural
dwellers.
3. Inadequate of good
pipe-born water that will improve health and lives of people living in the
rural areas
4. Lack of
electricity that will enhance the standard of living of the local dwellers.
5. Unemployment due
to lack of industries in rural areas has also encourage rural-urban migration
in Nigeria.
1.3. OBJECTIVES OF
THE STUDY
The purpose of this
study is to identify the effects of rural-urban migration on the rural
development of Umuahia North Local government area, which will be outlined as
follows:
1. To examine the
reason for rural-urban migration this has contributed to the failure in the
process of trying to develop the rural areas in Nigeria.
2. To discover the
effects and set back which the rural-urban migration has caused in the process
of rural development in Nigeria.
3. To offer solution
to the causes of rural-urban migration and outlined the measures for
development of rural areas to continue migrating to urban areas in search of
better living, such as improve standard of living, good education, good
pipe-born, electrification, better and quality recreation centers and reducing
unemployment rate through building of industries and firms to youths find job.
4. To find solution
on how to reduce the rate of rural-urban migration which is a problem in the
rural development process in Nigeria.
1.4. REASERCH
QUESTIONS
i. What are the
effects of rural-urban migration in the rural development of Nigeria?
ii. Do you believe
that the educated ones migrate more than the illiterates ones?
iii. What factors
lead to rural-urban migration?
iv. Do you think
migration affects labour supply?
v. Can industrial
hazards in the urban area discourage migration?
1.5. STATEMENT OF
HYPOTHESIS
This research work
will base on the following hypothesis:
H0: Rural - urban migration
has significant effect on social-development of Umuahia North Local government
area.
Hi: Rural –urban
migration has no significant effect on social
The development of
Umuahia North Local government area.
1.6. SIGNIFICANCE OF
THE STUDY
significance of this
study is aimed at finding lasting solutions to rural-urban migration and
facilitating rural development through the process of job creation for the
youths, laying emphasis on improving rural economic condition and also to make
meaningful and sustainable economic decisions necessarily for the acceleration
of rural development there by reducing drastically rural-urban migration in the
country.
1.7. SCOPE OF THE
STUDY
The study covers the
rural villages in Umuahia North Local government area. This will relate on the
effect of rural-urban migration in the rural development of Nigeria. In Umuahia
North Local government area, there are no basic industries that will employ the
development active labour force, this prompt to the urban migration to the
urban areas in search of job opportunities, business enhancement, quality
education and quality medical facilities e.t.c.
1.8. LIMITATION OF
THE STUDY
A research work is
never an easy task to overcome. There are occasions when the researcher would
encounter problems which are basic and unavoidable. The research question and
questionnaires distributed were limited. The inhabitants of Nigeria and all
questions related to effect of rural-urban migration in the rural development
in Nigeria was asked, obtaining information for accurate work was not easy.
These were obstacles and hindrances, which range from limited time, on
willingness and unreadiness of the respondents to give the needed information
as objectives and validity of any conclusion drawn from the study.
1.9. DEFINITION OF
TERMS
For the purpose of
clarity, the following terms have been used in this study and defined.
Rural areas: Living
in village and people who are underdeveloped.
Urban Sector: Living
in the city or town that is civilized and developed.
Migration: This
means, moving from one place to another. May be in search of food, shelter, and
clothing or to be comfortable in life.
Development: This is
the action or process of moving in an upward manner or being developed.
Modernization: to
make a system, methods, etc. more modern and more suitable for use at the
present time.