ABSTRACT
The study analyzed the food security status and the coping
strategies adopted by rural farm households against food insecurity in Kaduna
State, Nigeria. Primary data were used for the study and the research work was
conducted in 2015. Structured questionnaire was used to collect data from rural
farm households. The list of rural farm households from Kaduna State
Agricultural Development Project was used to randomly select 10% of farmers
from each of the sixteen villages to give a sample size of 390 farmers. The
analytical tools used to achieve the stated objectives are descriptive
statistics to analyze the socio-economic characteristics of respondents and
crop contributions to rural households‟ food security. The food security index
was used to determine food security status of households while logistic
regression model was used to examine the determinants of food security among
the households surveyed and Kendall‟s coefficient of concordance to describe
and rank the coping strategies adopted by rural farm households. The study
found that the mean age of the farmers was 49 years and most of the sampled
respondents were males. About 89% were married and 30% of the farmers had no
formal education. The mean farming experience in the study area was 19 years.
The most widely grown crops were cereals, of which maize was the most important
.The mean per capita expenditure of the households in the study area was about
N405 per day, putting this household at extreme risk of food insecurity. The
Z-Statistic result indicated that there was a significant difference between
expenditure pattern of food secure and food insecure households. The study
showed that about 41% of the respondents were food secured while 59% were food
insecure. The food security indices for the food secured and insecure
households were found to be 1.43 and 0.81 respectively implying that food
secured households consumed 43% in excess of their daily calorie requirements;
while food insecure households consumed 19% less than their daily calorie
requirements. This study also revealed that 9.2% of the total sampled
households were found to be severely food insecure and had both adult and
children food intake reduced to an extent that they witnessed severe hunger
.The results of the Logistic regression model revealed that age, education,
access to production credit, household size, dependency ratio, household farm
income and non-farm income were the determinants of food security status of
rural farming households in the study area. The months of April and May were
the periods in which households experienced severe food shortage. The study
indicated that eating less preferred food was the most widely used of all the
coping strategies considered in the study area. The Kendall‟s (W) of 0.56 show
that there was agreement among 56% of the rankers (respondents)which was
significant at 1% as indicated by the p-value of 0.000. Most of the coping
strategies used by farming households were moderate in terms of the frequency
at which different coping strategies were used to temporarily mitigate the
impact of food insecurity. These results have implications for agricultural
food policy in developing countries, especially Nigeria, because large chunk of
expenditure would go into importation of food in order to reduce the severity
of food insecurity and hunger to the bearest minimum level and it might be
quite unsustainable at the long run especially in the period of recession. The
study, therefore, recommended that rural households should be educated on the
need to diversify their sources of income from agriculture to off- farm income
generating activities. This is to improve food security at the household level.
CHAPTER ONE
1.0 INTRODUCTION
1.1 Background
to the Study
In Nigeria, agriculture was the most important sector of the
economy from the standpoint of rural employment, sufficiency in food and fibre,
and export earning prior to the discovery of crude oil (Kehinde et al., 2012).
The agricultural sector is still the leading sector in Nigeria‟s ailing
economy. It provides over 70% of informal sector jobs created in the economy
(Central Bank of Nigeria, 2016). The contribution of the agricultural sector to
Gross Domestic Product (GDP) in the first quarters of 2016 is 24.18% (Central
Bank of Nigeria, 2016).
Nigeria is facing huge food security challenges now and
67.1% of her population lives below poverty line (National Bureau of
Statistics, 2016). Poverty and hunger have remained high in rural areas, remote
communities and among female -headed households and these cut across the six
geo-political zones, with prevalence ranging from approximately 46.9% in the
South-West to 74.3% in North-West and North-East (United Nations, 2016). In
Nigeria, 37% of children under five years old were stunted, 18% wasted, 29%
underweight and overall, only 10% of children aged 6-23 months are fed
appropriately based on recommended infant and young children feeding practices
(United Nations,2016). Nigeria has about 79 million hectares of arable land of
which 32 million hectares are cultivated and over 90% of agricultural
production is rain-fed (Nwajiuba, 2012). Smallholders, mostly subsistence
producers account for 80% of all farm holdings. Both crop and livestock
production remains below potentials (Nwajiuba,
2012); although the agricultural growth was 4.03% in the
fourth quarter of 2016, this growth lies below the 10% necessary for attaining
food security and poverty reduction (National Bureau of Statistics, 2017).
Based on the hierarchy of human needs, food is
unquestionably the most vital need considering its centrality to human
existence (Obayelu and Obayelu, 2012). The country today is facing incessant
worsening food crisis era unnoticed in the last twenty years and with the
potential of leading to national food disaster. However, various interventions
have been made by the Nigerian government in modernizing agriculture in Nigeria
which was previously characterized by sluggish growth, low factor productivity,
declining terms of trade, and often linked to practices that degrade the
environment (Obayelu and Obayelu, 2012). Since the late 1970s to 2016 Nigeria
have implemented macro-economic policies, sectoral and institutional reforms
aimed at ensuring high and sustainable economic growth, food security and
poverty reduction. Though, Nigeria have recorded some level of growth in the
agricultural sector (National Baureau of Statistics, 2017), however, the
sector‟s growth remained insufficient to adequately address poverty, attain
food security, and lead to sustained Gross Domestic Product (GDP) growth. Food
security and poverty reduction have been a major campaign issue across all
political parties in the country, yet provision of enough food to feed the
entire population has eluded many governments because of their inability to
meet the agreed Comprehensive Africa Agriculture Development Programme (CAADP)
target of investment of at least 10% of the National budget on Agriculture.
In Nigeria, concerns regarding food security and its related
issues are vital for poverty reduction. Attainment of food security is core
problem confronting farming households; especially women and rural populations
due to low productivity in staple crop production, seasonal variability in food
supply as well as price fluctuations. These problems facing farming households
come about as a result of over-reliance on rain-fed agriculture, inadequate or
inappropriate usage of chemical inputs as well as inadequate improved varieties
of crops and animal species (Victoria and Benjamin, 2012). Food security of
farming households is of serious concern if Nigeria wants to come out of her
present economic recession. Tragically, farmers who are vulnerable to food and
nutritional insecurity have limited capacity to respond to agricultural
programmes (Victoria and Benjamin, 2012). Nevertheless, the production of
staple foods in rural areas is seen as a coping mechanism in situations of
severe food insecurity and is geared towards household consumption in most part
of Kaduna State. In rural areas, families have access to a small plot of land
to engage in small-scale food production for their own consumption and to
increase the family income. Hence, the study would analyse food security status
and the coping strategies of rural farm households in Kaduna State North-West,
Nigeria.
1.2 Problem
Statement
Nigeria‟s overall performance in terms of agricultural
production and productivity remains inadequate and has failed to make
significant progress in the food security front. The issue of food security and
coping strategies therefore is a major concern in Nigeria. This is particularly
more among the rural farmers who have the highest prevalence of under nutrition
(Victoria and Benjamin, 2012). They also estimated that about 66% of Nigeria‟s
population lives below poverty line as portrayed by their level of food
security. Moreover, the country is characterized by high reliance on food
imports as malnutrition is widespread and rural areas are especially vulnerable
to chronic food shortages, malnutrition, unbalanced nutrition, erratic food
supply, poor food quality, high food cost, and even total lack of food despite
the country‟s vast potential food production capacity (Victoria and Benjamin,
2012). The connections among dwindling food production capacity, rising food
prices and dependency on food importation and the consequence of food
insecurity are nowhere more clearly demonstrated in recent times than in the
sahelian food crisis, which also affected many of the northern states of Nigeria
(Ojeleye et al., 2015). The issue of food security and coping strategies
therefore is a concern in Nigeria and calls for continuous attention and
strategy.
Food insecurity and malnutrition also have profound
implication for health and development, and present major obstacles to
attaining the Sustainable Development Goals (SDG‟s). In Nigeria, understanding
smallholder farmers– how much they earn, what they eat, as well as broader
question about the role food security plays in livelihood outcomes is crucial
to designing sustainable strategies to reduce hunger, poverty, and illness. In
Nigeria, a Global Food Security Index (GFSI) rank of 91st among 109 countries
in 2015, together with rising food prices, malnutrition and deaths as a result
of wide-spread poverty is an indication of the prevalence of food insecurity in
the county. It is also a sign of extreme suffering for millions of poor people
as described by Global Hunger Index Report of 2015.
In the midst of this challenging and disturbing statistics, the
population of Nigeria is growing at the rate of 3.2 percent yet agricultural
growth is sluggish and fluctuating (National Bureau of Statistics,2016 ).
Available statistics indicate that the economy of Nigeria is technically in
recession because of the negative GDP for more than two
quarters consecutively (Central Bank of Nigeria, 2016).
Equally worth-noting are the high food prices and changing climatic patterns
(Ojeleye et al., 2015). These situations have made it needful to examine the
current food security status and coping strategies of farming households
already trapped in poverty web. However, some research works done on food
security and coping strategies in Nigeria such as Abubakar (2010); Obayelu and
Obayelu (2012); Victoria and Benjamin (2012) are very general and consider the
problems from national or regional points of views. While the aggregate data
are generally available at the national level, little work has been done to
understand the food security problems at the household level in specific states
like Kaduna and despite the increasing global concern of improving food
security, the nature and extent of food security at the household level in
rural areas are not well documented. It was against this background that this
research was undertaken to analyze the food security and coping strategies
among rural farm households in Kaduna State. Based on the foregoing, the
questions of interest in this research were as follows:
What are the socio-economic characteristics of rural farm
households in the study area?
What are the food crop contributions to rural farm
households‟ food security?
What is the expenditure pattern of rural farm households in
the study area?
What is the food security status of rural farm households?
What are the determinants of food security of rural farm
households in the study area?
What are the coping strategies adopted by rural farm
households to mitigate the stress and shock of food insecurity?
1.3 Objectives
of the Study
The broad objective of this study was to analyze the food
security and coping strategies of rural farm households in Kaduna State. The
specific objectives are to:
describe the socio-economic characteristics of rural farm
households in the study area;
examine the food crop contributions to rural farm
households‟ food security;
assess the expenditure pattern of rural farm households in
the study area;
determine the food security status of rural farm households;
analyze the determinants of food security of rural farm
households in the study area; and
identify the coping strategies adopted by rural farm
households to mitigate the stress and shock of food insecurity.