INTRODUCTION
1.1. BACKGROUND OF THE STUDY
Agriculture is concerned with the husbandry of crops and
animals for food and other purposes. It
is the foundation upon which the development of stable human communities, such
as rural and urban communities has depended on in many parts of the world. The study of economic history provides us
with ample evidence that an agricultural revolution is a fundamental
pre-condition for economic development.
The agricultural sector has the potentials to be the industrial and
economic springboard from which a country’s development can take off. Indeed, more often than not, agricultural
activities are usually concentrated in the less developed rural areas where
there is a critical need for rural transformation, redistribution, poverty
alleviation and socio-economic development.
The agricultural sector has the potentials to shape the
landscape, provide environmental benefits such as conservation, guarantee
sustainable management of renewable natural resources, preserve biodiversity
and contribute to the viability of rural areas.
Through its spheres of activities at both the macro and micro levels,
the agricultural sector is strategically positioned to have a high multiplier
and linkage effect on any nation’s quest for socio economic and industrial
development.
The growth of the agricultural sector in Nigeria was not
smooth.
Anyanwu (1967) held that during the colonial period between
1861 – 1960, attention was given to agricultural research and extension
services. Among the activities that was
done, the first was the establishment of a research station in Lagos by Sir
Claude McDonald in 1893. Landmarks of
10.4 km was acquired by the British Cotton Growing Association (BCGA) in 1899
for experimental purposes strictly for cotton and was named Moor Plantation in
Ibadan.
In 1912, the Department of Agriculture was established in
each of the then Southern and Northern Nigeria, but the activities of the
department were virtually suspended between 1912 and 1921 as a result of the
First World War and its aftermath. The
period 1929 and 1945 was a difficult one for the agricultural sector of
Nigeria. This was the period of great
depression when the world prices on commodities fluctuated. This affected the agricultural sector
negatively because the volume of agricultural produce increased but the value
did not increase proportionately.
The period 1945 – 1954 marked the period of export boom,
because countries were just recovering from the Second World War and countries
that needed to develop their destroyed industrial sector were many. They depended on primary product for the
beginning stage of industrialization.
They needed to revitalize their industrial sector by demanding primary
goods. Prices of primary products rose
higher again because there were speculations that there would be a Third World
War due to the outbreak of the Korean War.
However, after this period, there came another period of price
instability. This made the reliance on
agriculture and its products to fall, leading to the establishment of a market
board. This board bought these products
from the local farmers and sold them overseas.
In spite of all the periods, Nigeria made a great revenue
from agriculture. In the
pre-Independence era, the agricultural sector contributed most to the GDP of
Nigeria. Helleiner (1966) said that in
1929, export production amounted to 57% of Nigeria’s revenue and in that 57%,
agriculture made up about 80% of the export.
On attainment of political independence in 1960, the trend was still
very much the same, the Nigerian economy could reasonably be described as an
agricultural economy, because agriculture served as the engine of growth of the
overall economy (Ogen, 2003: 231-234), from the stand point of occupational
distribution and contribution to the GDP.
Nigeria was the world’s second largest producer of cocoa, largest
exporter of palm oil. Nigeria was also a
leading exporter of other major commodities such as cotton, groundnut, rubber
and hides and skins (Alkali, 1997: 15-16).
Between 1964 – 1965, agriculture accounted for 55% of GDP and employed
70% of the adult workforce (Matton, 1981).
In 1970, agricultural export crops like cocoa, groundnut, cotton,
rubber, palm oil, palm kernel, etc. accounted for an average of between 65% –
75% of Nigeria foreign exchange earnings and provided the most important source
of revenue for the Federal as well as State governments through export products
and sale taxes (Ekundare 1973), despite the reliance of Nigerian peasant
farmers on traditional tools and indigenous faming methods, these farmers
produced 70% of Nigeria’s exports and 95% of its food needs (Lawal, 1997: 195).
However, the 1967 – 1970 Civil War in Nigeria coincided with
the ‘Oil Boom’ era, which resulted in extensive exploration and export of
petroleum and its products. This led
Nigeria to neglect its strong agriculture in favour of an unhealthy dependence
on oil (United States Department of State, 2005). Ever since then, Nigeria has been witnessing
extreme poverty and insufficiency of basic food items. The agricultural sector contributions now
account for less than 5% of Nigeria’s GDP (Olagbaju and Fashola, 1996:
263). It is against this back drop that
we set out to research on the impact of agricultural development on Nigeria
economic growth.
As noted earlier, the neglect of the agricultural sector and
the dependence of Nigeria on a mono-cultural crude oil based economy had not
augured well for the well-being of the Nigerian economy. In a bid to address this drift, the Nigerian
government as from 1975 became directly involved in the commercial production
of food and cash crops.
Several large scale agricultural projects specializing in
the production of grains, livestock, dairies and animal feeds, to mention but a
few, were established (Fasipe, 1990: 129-130).
Sugar factories were also established at Numan, Lafiagi and sunti
(Lawal, 1997: 196).
The Nigerian Agricultural and Co-operative Bank (NACB) was
established in 1973 as part of government’s effort to invest oil wealth into
the agricultural sector through the provision of credit facilities to support
agriculture and agro-allied businesses (Olagunju, 2000: 90). By 1995 the bank had granted the sum of
$3,179.6 million as loan to the Private Sector.
The River Basin Development Authorities (RBDA) were conceived
in 1963 and were to cater for the development of land and mineral resources
potentials of Nigeria.
Operation Feed The Nation (OFN) was commissioned in the
1970s with the main objectives of:
Mobilizing the nation towards self sufficiency and self
reliance in food.
Encouraging the sector of population which relies on buying
food to growing its own food.
Encouraging general pride in agriculture through the
realization that a nation which cannot feed itself, cannot be proud etc.
The OFN which was launched in 1976 to generate public
awareness of the importance of agriculture to national development, and
mobilize both rural and urban dwellers to participate in agriculture, be it in
conventional crop farms, fish farms, backyard gardens or poultry did not
realize the objectives of reducing or eliminating food imports and achieving
self-sufficiency so in 1980 it was replaced with the Green Revolution
Programme.
– The Green
Revolution; This was a more deliberate and calculated approach to the food
production problem. The programme was
followed by the mounting of food strategies mission for Nigeria by the Federal
Ministry of Agriculture, which estimated the level of food production needed to
achieve self-sufficiency. Much of the
recommendations of the programme, such as the expansion of the Integrated
Agricultural Development Programme (ADP) to cover all States of the Federation,
support for artisanal fishers and aquaculture and the establishment of grain
storage facilities, among others, are still being implemented.