TABLE OF CONTENT
Title page
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i
Certificate
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ii
Dedication
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iii
Acknowledgement
------------------------------------------------------------------------ iv
Abstract
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v
List of table
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vi
Table of content
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viii
CHAPTER
ONE: INTRODUCTION
1.1
Background of study
-------------------------------------------------------------- 4-8
1.2
Statement of research problems
-------------------------------------------------- 9-10
1.3
Aim and Objectives
----------------------------------------------------------------10-11
1.4
Justification/Relevance of the
study--------------------------------------------- 11
1.5
Scope of the work
----------------------------------------------------------------- 11-12
1.6
Report organization
--------------------------------------------------------------- 12
CHAPTER
TWO: LITERATURE REVIEW
2.1 The relevance of
solar egg incubator in poultry production ---------------- 13-14
2.2 Requirement of
poultry egg incubator ----------------------------------------- 14
2.3 Other alternative
source of energy for poultry incubator and problem associated with them
---------------------------------------------------------------- 15
2.3.1 Effect of
sustainable energy in poultry egg incubator -------------------15
2.4 Some important
terms ---------------------------------------------------------- 16
2.4.1 Incubation
--------------------------------------------------------------------- 16-17
2.4.2 Hatchability
----------------------------------------------------------------- 17-18
2.4.3 Care of hatching
eggs ----------------------------------------------------- 18-19
2.5 Incubator Condition
---------------------------------------------------------- 19
2.6 Description of
component of the egg incubation ------------------------- 24-28
2.7Studies already
carried out on solar poultry egg incubator -------------- 29-30
CHAPTER
THREE: DESIGN OF THE SOLAR POWERED EGG INCUBATOR.
3.1 Project Develop
-------------------------------------------------------------- 31-33
3.2 Mechanical Design
----------------------------------------------------------- 33-34
3.2.1 Incubator Casing
------------------------------------------------------------ 34-35
3.2.2 Heating System
------------------------------------------------------------- 35
3.2.3 An Egg Roller
-------------------------------------------------------------- 36-38
3.2.4 Ventilation
------------------------------------------------------------------ 38
3.3 Hardware Design
------------------------------------------------------------ 39
3.3.1 Microcontroller
------------------------------------------------------------ 40-41
3.4 Crystal Oscillator
Circuit --------------------------------------------------- 41
3.4.1 Selection of the
Resonator Circuit -------------------------------------- 42
3.5 Temperature Sensor
Unit --------------------------------------------------- 43
3.6 Display Unit
------------------------------------------------------------------ 44
3.7 Motor Display
Control Unit ----------------------------------------------- 45-48
3.8 Motor
Selection-------------------------------------------------------------- 49-51
3.9 Design Calculation
---------------------------------------------------------- 51-52
3.9.1 Heat load of the
Poultry Egg Incubator--------------------------------- 51
3.9.2 Determination of
Heat Generated --------------------------------------- 51
3.9.3 Heat loss by
conduction ---------------------------------------------- 52-55
3.10 Estimation of
Battery Storage Size ---------------------------------- 56-58
3.11 PV Sizing
--------------------------------------------------------------- 58
CHAPTER
FOUR: MA TERIAL SELECTION, ASSEMBLY
PROCESS, TEST AND RESULT
4.1 Material Selection
------------------------------------------------------ 59
4.2 Construction of the
Electrical Circuit ------------------------------ 60-61
4.3 Construction of the
Incubator Compartment --------------------- 61-63
4.4 result and
discussion ------------------------------------------------- 63-72
CHAPTER
FIVE: CONCLUSION AND RECOMMENDATION
5.1 Problems Encounter
and Solution --------------------------------- 73
5.2 Conclusion
------------------------------------------------------------ 73
5.3 Recommendation
---------------------------------------------------- 74
Reference
----------------------------------------------------------------- 78
CHAPTER ONE
INTRODUCTION
1.1
Background of Study
Industrial rising of farm animal indoors under conditions of extremely
restricted mobility is commonly known as factory farming. It is done as part of
industrial agriculture which is set as a method that changes as laws and
technology change. Industrial agriculture which is designed to produce the
highest output at the lowest cost, using economics of scale, modern machinery,
modern medicine, and global trade for financing, purchasing and sales. The
economic growth of industrial agriculture crucially depends on the long-term
availability of energy from sources that are affordable, accessible, and
environmentally friendly. Security, climate change, and public health are
closely interrelated with energy. On the other hand, Energy is an important
factor in all the sectors of any country's economy. The standard of living of a
given country can be directly related to the per capita energy
consumption. The recent world's energy crisis is due to two reasons: the rapid
population growth and the increase in the living standard of whole societies.
Energy supports the provision of basic needs such as cooked food, a comfortable
living temperature, lighting, the use of appliances, piped water or sewerage,
essential health care (refrigerated vaccines, emergency, and intensive care),
educational aids, communication (radio, television, electronic mail, the World
Wide Web), and transport. Nigeria is Africa's energy giant [Oyedepo, 2012]. It
is the continent's most prolific oil-producing country, which, along with
Libya, accounts for two-thirds of Africa's crude oil reserves. It ranks second
to Algeria in natural gas. Most of Africa's bitumen and lignite reserves are
found in Nigeria. In its mix of conventional energy reserves, Nigeria is simply
unmatched by any other country on the African continent. It is not surprising
therefore that energy export is the mainstay of the Nigerian economy. Also,
primary energy resources dominate the nation's industrial raw material
endowment.
Several energy resources are available in Nigeria in abundant
proportions. The sun is considered the best alternative source of energy
because;
·
It is there in
plenty and free of charge.
·
It is
non-pollutant and clean.
·
It is available
everywhere even in the North Pole where solar voltaic can be used.
The available solar energy depends on the position of the sun, weather
condition especially the clouds and location. Nigeria has significant biomass
resources to meet both traditional and modern energy uses, including
electricity generation. There has been a supply and demand gap as a result of
the inadequate development and inefficient management of the energy sector. The
supply of electricity, the country's most used energy resource, has been
erratic.
The rural areas, which are generally inaccessible due to the absence of
good road networks, have little access to conventional energy such as
electricity and petroleum products. The most suitable place for solar energy in
Nigeria are the rural areas where there are difficult terrains, no easy access
to fossil fuel energy source. Effective harnessing of solar radiation using
solar energy technologies would enhance availability of energy for
socio-economic activities and to improve the standard of livelihood of the
people by harnessing it in the agricultural sector.
Although solar energy is available in abundance and free of charge, it
is very discouraging to note that the initial capital cost of installing a
solar powered system is very constraining. Such capital cost can only make
sense if the running cost of the solar energy is so low as to lead to a high
saving to repay the high initial capital cost in a reasonable period of time.
This can only be achieved by having good knowledge of the amount of energy
being tapped. This would help in deciding the location where the system should
be installed to operate with the highest possible efficiency and lowest
possible fabrication, installation and operation costs.
The application of energy in poultry production (egg incubation as case
study) has not received comparable attention especially in developing
countries. The world’s population is growing at an alarming rate and so is the
demand for protein especially in rural areas. Poultry is a good source of
protein if it is affordable. The production level is limited with natural
incubation because the number of eggs an adult female bird lays in a year
varies from 0 to 365 or one per day [French, 1981]. Nevertheless a broody hen
(a hen that wants to set and hatch eggs and raise its chicks) can hatch just
about 10-12 eggs at once in 21 days [French, 1981]. This reduces its
productivity as it takes to incubate and hatch the chicks. For the world
growing population, relying on this natural type of incubation is not enough.
Hence, the need for artificial incubation process became necessary in
agricultural production of chicks. Therefore in order to ameliorate these
problems, there is need to design and fabricate a solar powered incubator that
can meet the poultry need of the growing population.
1.2 Statement of the Problem
Poultry egg
incubation is an activity that requires sustainable energy supply for efficient
performance, operation and profitability.
With the
Nigeria Government’s inability to supply adequate and reliable energy to ensure
energy security in the urban areas, it then becomes extremely unlikely that the
rural areas will be considered in the short term especially considering their
low load factor and the economy of grid connection. Rural areas that are not
economically viable for grid extension will therefore have to be served by an
alternative source of energy such as solar energy that is abundant,
non-polluting and inexhaustible. A special features of solar powered incubator
is that it could harness solar energy by using available material and is
adaptable to both rural and urban poultry production.
Some energy and
other related problems which affect poultry production in Nigeria among others
includes:
·
Unavailable and insufficient power from the energy
grid.
·
Expensive cost of running electricity
·
Low quality of chicks produced
·
Pollution of environment for poultry breeding as
a result of emission from burning fossil fuels
·
Lack of commercially owned hatchery machines
These problems
will be addressed by this present project.
1.3 Aim and Objectives
Aim
The aim of this
project is to design and fabricate an incubator that is powered by solar energy
source.
Objectives
The objectives
of this project include to:
·
Design a solar powered egg incubator
·
Fabricate the incubator with more of locally
source materials
·
Hatch
eggs in a clean environment devoid of any energy related pollution
·
Encourage the youth to venture into agriculture
(poultry farm), small and large scale
1.4
Justification/Relevance
of the project
The purpose of
this project mainly is to construct an incubator system that will be powered by
energy from sunlight through the use of solar power equipment. Most important,
with our project we intend improving the process of hatching egg and also create
an environment that is free from pollution and good for incubating egg. This
project will help to fast track meeting
the protein needs of the country and the world using locally available
materials. It will equally motivate youth’s t venture into agriculture (poultry
farming) in small and large scale.
1.5 Scope of the Work
The scope of
this work is limited to design and fabrication of a small size solar-powered
egg incubator. Its capacity is limited to fifty eggs per time. It covers
design, component fabrication and assembly of the various components to form
the incubator.
1.6 Report
Organization
This
report presents the combination of various chapters that contain the
introduction, literature review,
methodology, result and
discussion and the last
chapter is a
conclusion and recommendation of
the project.
Chapter
1 is an introduction of the project.
In this chapter,
we will explain
the background and objectives
of the project.
The concept of the project and the overall overview of the project also
will be discussed in this chapter.
Chapter 2
focuses on the
literature review and
the project flow for
the development of the Automatic Egg Incubator System for Various Types
of Egg.
Chapter
3 will explain the methodologies of the project. The project development consists of three
parts which are mechanical design, hardware design and software design.
Chapter 4
discusses all the
results obtained and
the discussion of
the project. Chapter 5 captures
the conclusion and recommendation of the project.