TABLE OF CONTENTS
Page
Title page
Approval
Certification
Dedication
Acknowledgement
Abstract
Table of Contents
List of Figures
CHAPTER ONE:
1.1 Introduction - - - - - - - - - - 13
1.2 Background of the Study - - - - - - - 13
1.3 Statement of the Problem - - - - - - - 15
1.4 Objectives of the Study - - - - - - - 15
1.5 Significance of the Study - - - - - - 16
1.6 Scope of the project - - - - - - - 16
1.7 Limitation of the study - - - - - - -- 16
1.8 Definition of terns/variables - - - - - - 17
CHAPTER TWO:
LITERATURE REVIEWS
2.1 Overview of Expert System - - - - - - 18
2.2 Prominent expert systems and languages - - - - 19
2.3 The study of expert systems - - - - - - 20
2.3.1 Knowledge representation - - - - - - 20
2.3.2 Knowledge engineer - - - - - -- - 20
2.4. End user - - - - - - - - - 21
2.4.1 Explanation system - - - - - - - 22
2.5 Expert systems versus problem-solving
systems - - - 24
2.6 Individuals involved with expert systems - - - - 25
2.7 Application of expert systems - - - - - - 26
2.8 Advantages and disadvantages - - - - - - 29
2.9 Types of problems solved by expert
systems - - - 29
CHAPTER THREE: ANALYSIS OF EXISTING SYSTEM AND NEW 3.1Systems
Design - - - - - - - - - 31
3.2 Fact finding
method - - - - - - - - 31
3.3 objective of a new system - - - - - - - 32
3.4 Input analysis of existing system- - - - - - 32
3.5 Output analysis of existing system- - - - - - 33
3.6 Information flow diagram - - - - - - 35
3.7 Problem of existing system - - - - - - 36
3.8 Justification of a new system - - - - - - 36
CHAPTER FOUR:
DESIGN AND
IMPLEMENTATION AND TESTING OF A NEW SYSTEM
4.1 System design - - - - - - - - 37
4.1.1 User Interface design - - - - - - - 37
4.1.2 Database design - - - - - - - - 38
4.2 Language choice - - - - - - - - 43
4.3 Choice of the environment - - - - - - 43
4.4 Implementation - - - - - - - - 43
4.4.1 Main system implementation - - - - - - 43
4.4.2 Data implementation - - - - - - - 44
4.5 Software testing - - - - - - - - 45
4.5.1 Testing plan - - - - - - - - - 45
4.5.2 System testing - - - - - - - - 45
4.5.3 Main system driver testing - - - - - - 45
4.5.4 Database Testing - - - - - - - - 45
4.6 Cost Analysis/Evaluation - - - - - - - 46
CHAPTER FIVE:
SUMMARY AND CONCLUSION
5.1 Summary of achievement - - - - - - 47
5.2 Problems encountered solutions - - - - - 47
5.3 Recommendations - - - - - - - - 47
5.4 Suggestions for further improvement - - - - - 48
5.5 Conclusion - - - - - - - - - 48
BIBLOGRAPHY
APPENDICES
Appendix A: System
Source Code
Appendix B: Typical
Input Forms with Data
Appendix C: Typical
Report
Appendix D: System
User’s Guide
ABSTRACT
This project, electronic diagnosis
system, is a software system tailored for use in the diagnosis and analysis of
diseases. The software is an expert
system with a database containing an expert knowledge. The user only uses it to determine whether he
or she has any of the diseases within its domain. The software has been designed to be
interactive with audio capability eliciting from the user if they have symptoms
of the diseases. The user response helps the expert system to determine the level
at which the disease is present. The
user is further advised on what next to do.
This software is implemented in visual basic programming environment,
Health care facility should be accessible by all at all time. But some of the people that should access
these facilities are far removed from these facilities. It would be of great
necessity to provide a computerized system that will provide a complementary
medical service, such as medical disease diagnosis in places where
accessibility is a problem as well as health care facilities where qualified
experts are lacking, hence this topic, design and implementation of electronic
diagnosis system.
CHAPTER ONE
1.1 INTRODUCTION
Since
the introduction of electronic devices into the medical world, the functions
and operations of the medical world have been easy with most of the electronica
device that are in place to assist the medical personnel in there diagnosis and
analysis of patients in various medical illness. Now doctors and nurses or any
medical personnel can now carry out a test on a patients and get the analysis
from the device used in diagnosing the patience which are electronic apparatus
or device, giving numerous advantages over the previous daces of manual means
of disease and illness.There is a wide array of electronic devices used to test
and diagnose patients.Below is an insight explanation of the differences and
different types of equipment used by medical experts or medical technicians for
diagnosis.
Digital Mammographic
X-ray System
Digital Mammographic X-ray System, Brestige is a full
field digital mammography system used for screening and diagnosing breast
cancer.
Medical Handpiece(For
Dental Laboratory)
MICRO-NX produces products that are used in clinic and
dental laboratory. Their main product is Handpiece that is main material for
making implant
Thermometer
The practical development of a thermometer suitable
for measurement of body temperature dates back to 1625. Whilst internal sounds
from the body have been observed by physicians since the time of the Romans,
the stethoscope dates back to the 19th Century, in a form reasonably similar to
the present.
Advantage of
electronic diagnosis system
Improved diagnosis and treatment
Significantly fewer errors found within personal
health records
Faster care and decision making responses from
assigned medical professionals
Improved results management and patient care with a
reduction in errors within your medical practice
Reduced operational costs such as transcription
services and overtime labor expenses
The development of electronics, and particularly that
of computers has made possible many of the technologies which we shall examine.
Firstly,
computers are the central elements involved in processing signals in many
cases, and particularly those obtained from images. The special nature of the
processing required to obtain the image improvements required and the
consequential flexibility in their application mean that the complexity of the
algorithms for processing would be excessive unless software was used for
managing the process. Medical image processing frequently requires that
different views may need to be synthesised in the examination of a condition relating
to eachparticular patient. The exact form of the views may be difficult to
predict, so computers provide the ideal platform for their analysis.
Secondly
the increasing use of computers in medical applications has led to an ever
increasing capability to retain medical data. This may be used to facilitate
health care planning and to provide for a reliable storage of patient related
data which may be readily recovered. They also provide the ability to
communicate data using standardised mechanisms which we may expect will
increasingly allow data to be acquired in one location and viewed at another.
Finally computers have potential for providing us with
systems which mimic the diagnostic processes employed by physicians. Pilot
systems which can provide some diagnostic assistance have been tried for a
number of years in certain areas both within and outside medicine.
1.2 BACKGROUND OF THE STUDY
An expert system or electronic diagnose system is a
software hardware system that attempts to reproduce the performance of one or
more human experts, most commonly in a specific problem domain, and is a
traditional application and/or subfield of artificial intelligence. A wide
variety of methods can be used to simulate the performance of the expert
however common to most or all are
1) The creation of a so-called
"knowledgebase" which uses some knowled+`ge representation formalism
to capture the subject matter experts (SME) knowledge and
2) A process of gathering that knowledge from the SME
and codifying it according to the formalism, which is called knowledge
engineering. Expert systems may or may not have learning components but a third
common element is that once the system is developed it is proven by being
placed in the same real world problem solving situation as the human SME,
typically as an aid to human workers or a supplement to some information
system.
As a premiere application of computing and artificial
intelligence, the topic of expert systems has many points of contact with
general systems theory, operations research, business process reengineering and
various topics in applied mathematics and management science.
Two illustrations of actual expert systems can give an
idea of how they work. In one real world case at a chemical refinery a senior
employee was about to retire and the company was concerned that the loss of his
expertise in managing a fractionating tower would severely impact operations of
the plant. A knowledge engineer was assigned to produce an expert system
reproducing his expertise saving the company the loss of the valued knowledge
asset. Similarly a system called Mycin was developed from the expertise of best
diagnosticians of bacterial infections whose performance was found to be as
good as or better than the average clinician. An early commercial success and
illustration of another typical application (a task generally considered overly
complex for a human) was an expert system fielded by DEC in the 1980s to
quality check the configurations of their computers prior to delivery. The eighties
were the time of greatest popularity of expert systems and interest lagged
after the onset of the AI Winter.
In like manner, developing one of such system to
represent the repository of the knowledge of a medical doctor is as essential
as any other expert system. To this end,
this project, Expert System on the Diagnosis of non communicable diseases is a
necessity.
1.2 STATEMENT OF THE PROBLEM
Health care facility should be accessible by all at
all times. But some of the people that
should access these facilities are far removed from these facilities. More so, in the few available facilities,
qualified medical personnel are always key issues that need urgent
redress.
In view of the foregoing, it would be of great
necessity to provide a computerized system that will provide a complementary
medical service, such as medical disease diagnosis in places where
accessibility is a problem as well as health care facilities where qualified
experts are lacking, hence this topic, Expert System or electronic diagnosis
system on some medical illness and disease.
1.3 OBJECTIVES OF THE STUDY
The major objective of this work is to develop an
expert system on diagnosis of non-communicable diseases.
It also targets towards contributing to academic
research work.
• To develop modern interactive diagnostic software
that will aid clinicians in diagnostic procedures.
• To offer prescription of medication.
• To enable flexibility in access to information
through the World Wide Web or comprehensive knowledge bases.
• It is also to ascertain whether the diseases could
be diagnosed based on signs and symptoms.
• It will also examine a patient based on simple
clinical signs, and to improve family and community health
1.4 SIGNIFICANCE OF THE STUDY
If this prototype is fully developed will be very
useful in many areas such as:
a. It
will help to retain the skill of an expert medical doctor in case of any
eventuality;
b. It
can support academic development;
c. It can
be useful in many hospitals, both private and government, cases where the
expert is not on seat;
d. It can
also be used in the laboratory for quick research work.
1.5 SCOPE OF THE PROJECT
The scope of this work will include the following
1. A
dynamic database system that can act as a knowledge based system
2. A
complete model of an expert system to portray sample troubleshooter
3. Explore
the power of visual basic in data handling
4. To
implement a dynamic search system
1.6
LIMITATIONS OF THE STUDY
The major constraint faced during the implementation
of this work was finance. This is among
other frustrations such as program failures during modular construction
stages. Time was another important
factor that limited the extent to which I want to research.
1.7 DEFINITION OF TERMS/VARIABLES
Diagnose: The identifying of an illness or disorder in
a patient through physical examination, medical tests, or other procedures
Medical:
Relating to medicine, physical examination to determine health: a
physical examination by a doctor to check
Communicable: A
communicable disease that can be passed from one person
Expert:
somebody with a great deal of knowledge, skill, training, or experience
in a particular field or activity - a medical expert
Knowledge-based:
Information system that store wealth of ones knowledge
Symptoms: Signs
of an ill health