ABSTRACT
The entire project work/study talks about the full meaning of the
STDS. The causes of the sexually transmitted diseases were found out to
be virus and bacteria which can be transmitted from one person to
another predominantly through sexual contact. The scope of the study
was also special and federal medical center Umuahia (FMC) was used as a
case study. One of the studies carried out by Dr. A.U. Mbanuso at the
Federal Medical center Umuahia 1990 – 1993. His result showed that the
commest and most ducally sexual transmitted disease was HIV/AIDS and
Syphilis.
Furthermore, from the designed questionnaire we found out
that many people have become aware of the extend of STDS. For the data
collection used was a secondary data. The population size in this
reported cases of the sexually transmitted diseases under study from
1995 – 2004 the result after study will be used to generalize for the
entire population.
The major statistical model employed in the analysis of the
data collection was chi-square which was used to the age group and
sex. The test hypothesis for the age group shows the X2 cal >
X2 tab. Therefore we reject H0: and conclude that the client rate is
not dependent of the age. There the test of hypothesis for the sex
group shows that X2 cul > X2tab. Therefore, we reject H0: and
conclude that the sexually transmitted diseases under study are not
dependent of sex.
TABLE OF CONTENTS
Title page
Approval
Preface
Dedication
Acknowledgement
Abstract
Table of contents
CHAPTER ONE:INTRODUCTION
1.1 Statement of the Problem
1.2 Purpose of the Study
1.3 Aims and Objectives
1.4 Significance of the Study
1.5 Scope and Limitations
1.6 The Hypothesis
1.7 Definition of Terms
CHAPTER TWO: LITERATURE REVIEW
2.1 Types of Stds
2.2 Causes of Stds
2.3 Mode of Transmission
2.4 Signa Nd Symptoms of Stds
2.5 Effect/Consequences of Stds
2.6 Treatment of Stds
2.7 Prevention and Control of Stds
CHAPTER THREE
3.0 Method of Data Collection and Sources of Data
3.1 Method Data Analysis
CHAPTER FOUR
Presentation and Analysis
CHAPTER FIVE
5.1 Summary
5.2 Conclusion
Recommendation
Questionnaire
CHAPTER ONE
INTRODUCTION
Sexually transmitted diseases, which is popularly known as
STDS, and its effect is now the talk of the day, town, and world wide,
even in Nigeria. This disease is a very strong disease that is caused
by virus. This virus enters the body through many means such as
sexual intercourse, blood transfusion, parental transmission. The main
work of this virus is to weaken the body mechanism known as Lymphocyte
(White blood cell) making it possible for any disease which enters the
body to attack even more them expected. Both the developed and the
undeveloped countries of the world, it is a great problem medically
their incidence are steady rising. From the available statistical data
the evidence have been showing alarming rate of sexually transmitted
diseases every day as mankind gets more civilized. The sexually
transmitted diseases can be categorized into three: the first category
are referred to as the first category are referred to as the first
generation, these are gonorrhea, syphilis, and chancroid. The second
generation includes hympho granuloma venereum and granuloma
ingunale. The third generation which is Aids (Acquired Immune
Deficiency Syndrome). These sexually transmitted disease have become a
major public health problem to most countries of the world, including
Nigeria on the account of their frequency, their impact on maternal and
infant health and their special consequences as well as their economic
cost in terms of health expenditure and cost of productivity. It has a
serious effect on pregnancy, and new borns are seriously affected which
may lead to miscarriage, failure of development of new baby, blindness
congenital defects etc. The implication in woman such as pekvic
inflammatory disease ectopic pregnancy, infertility and chronic ill
health are caused by sexual transmitted diseases where the incidence of
undiagnosed or poor treated cases is very high.
1.1 BACKGROUND OF THE STUDY
The disease, sexually transmitted disease (STDS) is an old
strong disease that was discovered before the amalgamation of Nigeria in
the year 1914 by a great medical scientist known as lordchester field,
in the year 1985. this disease has killed very many paple, yet, as at
that time people doesn’t believe it, not until a good number of research
work was carried out in the laboratory and evidence showed that it is a
communicable disease that can be contracted from one person to another
through predominantly sexual contact; such as gonorrhea, syphilis
enters the body veins through blood and weakens or makes the white blood
cell known as lymphocyte inactive to attack the disease of the sexual
transmitted disease and this deadly disease will dry the victim to the
extent that you will be able to count the bones and extent that you will
be able to count the bones and ribs of the patient. But some people
are still doubting the existence of the deadly disease STDS while
statistical data table shows that 7,548 people was a victim within the
year of 1985 to 1990. But the recent data collected shows that 17,277
people were infected as it was recorded at the Federal Medical Centre
Umuahia. In addition, the above collected data will help the masses to
reduce the rate of sexual act and sexual promiscuity. The federal
ministry of health warns that total abstinence and mutual fidelity
remains the best protective measure for or against sexually transmitted
disease (STDS) such as gonorrhea, syphilis etc. That is why the
federal government supported the introduction of sex education and the
use of condom as a program in most of our media, such as newspaper,
radio, television etc. In order to educate the poor masses on the
subject matter and how to avoid contacting the deadly disease (STDS).
1.2 STATEMENT OF PROBLEM
The rapid spreading of these deadly diseases (STDS) does not mean
that both the internal and external bodies’ even corporate organizations
are not working to remedy the issue. But we should not unemphasize the
problem facing the efforts. Some of this problems includes inadequate
central surveillance system from which all of us will be getting the
information that we carry and reply in our program, because what we get
now in Nigeria is information that is fragment not reconcilable. Even
when there is seeming different, there are not other third sources of
reference to cross check. Here the problem of finance contributed to
the collapse of the efforts been made. Take for instance, the latest
inhibitors introduced by Hoffmann – LaRoche of the Switzerland Eortovase
and Viracept cannot be obtained by poor countries like Nigeria.
We know that it will sound unbelievable even at the moment
to some people mainly the youths of today that kept adamant on the
warnings and dangers of being a prostitute, a homosexual, a Hetero
Sexual and equally having unprotected sexual intercourse. All that the
World Health Organization (WHO) had warned that partners should be
truthful to themselves and take preventive measures.
1.3 AIMS AND OBJECTIVES
i. To know how far people have known about existence of the sexually transmitted disease.
ii. To know whether the rate at which male are infected is the same at which the females are infected.
iii. To recommend preventive measures on how to avoid
contacting the sexually transmitted diseases and give appropriate
treatment to avoid rapid spread of the deadly disease.
iv. To specify the age group that is mostly affected.
v. Finally, the objective of this study is in picking
the types of sexually transmitted diseases under study one by one and
uses statistical methods predicting what their incidence rate will be in
the year 2005 and 2006.
1.4 SIGNIFICANCE OF THE STUDY
The study has revealed that the awareness of the existence
of sexual transmitted disease. Through this study, their causes, sources
and mode of transmission have been have been highlighted. Having known
all these a greater result can be achieved by embarking on the program
against sexually transmitted disease, such as making use of condom as
one of the preventive measures and total abstinence as another
measure. Another important significance is that, the health standard of
the people is improved, while the death effect and other consequences
of sexually transmitted diseases are minimized by profiling good medical
attention and the use of skilled practitioners.
Finally, by achieving all these goals, we can have a good
social economic planning for the present and future generation.
1.5 SCOPE AND LIMITATIONS
The Federal Medical Centre Umuahia (FMC) is my scope of study. It
has ten wards (10) two medical ward on each for male and female, two
surgical wards one each for male and female, two surgical wards one each
for male and female, maternity wards with eighty (80) beds, one ward
with forty (40) beds for booked patients while the other is for unbooked
patients. Other are the pediatrics ward with twenty (20) beds and a
gynecological ward with fourty (40) beds. But my area of concentration
is based on the steadily increase of the sexually transmitted diseases
(STDS). And we are taking a more look at the four varieties of sexually
transmitted diseases (STDS). And we are taking a more look at the four
varieties of sexually transmitted disease (STDS) such as gonorrhea,
syphilis, arthritis and Aids. This study is faced with a lot of
limitations and some problems encountered din the project research must
not be overlooked. Some problems as: problem of finance, a lot of
expense was made on the process of collecting the data. Time factor is
another problem that delays the collection of data.
In addition, the duplication of the data and the production
of this project work also included. On this note I was to study
records from the year 1995 – 2002. This further more confined to the
statistical analysis only, which has to do with the incidence rate of
the sexually transmitted disease under study as arranged or grouped into
sex, age groups and years. There will also be some forecast or
production of the type of sexually transmitted disease under study in a
specifically year to come.
1.5 SCOPE AND LIMITATION
The Federal Medical Centre Umuahia (FMC) is my scope of
study. It has ten wards (10) two medical wards (2) on each for male
and female, two surgical wards (2) one each for male and female
etc. But my area of concentration is based on the steady increase of
the sexually transmitted diseases (STDS) such as Gonorrhea, syphilis,
HIV/AIDS, Arthritis. This study is faced with a lot of limitations and
some problems encountered in the project research must not be
overlooked. Some problems are
i. Problem of finance
ii. Time factor while delays the collection of data
1.6 FOR THE HYPOTHESIS
i. The null hypothesis is that there is no difference
between age group. This means that the incident rate of age group is
the same. The alternative hypothesis is that the incident rate of age
group differ which reconcile that the incident rate is not he same.
ii. The null hypothesis is also used for the incident
rate sex that means that there is no difference between incident rate of
sex then. The alternative hypothesis is that the incident rate of sex
is differ which states that the incident rate of sex is not the same.
1.7 ASSUMPTIONS
i. That is an existence of sexually transmitted disease (STDS) virus
ii. Attempts on how to prevent or cure the sexually transmitted diseases (STDS) have been made.
iii. Maximum cooperation is needed from all and sundry.
1.8 DEFINITION OF TERMS
i. STDS: Sexually Transmitted Diseases
ii. AIDS: Acquired Immune Deficiency Syndrome
iii. HIV: Human Immunodeficiency Virus
iv. VIRUS: Any living thing that is smaller than
bacteria, that causes the spread of infections disease. It can only be seen with the use of microscope.
v. SEROLOGICAL TEST FOR HIV: Blood test
that allows the presence of anti bodies to HIV in the body to be dictated.
ABORTION: Removal of unwanted child out of her
mothers’ womb
IMPOTENCY: Inability of a man to impregnate a
woman due to the destruction of the manhood by sexually transmitted disease(s).
PRE – MARITAL SEX: Sex before marriage
RACE: Different type of people living in the world
INFERTILITY: Inability to bear a child or children.
LYPHOCYTE: A group of white blood cells that helps to
prevent infections from spreading
ANTI-BODY: This is an organism that is not a part of
the body but was being introduced to that body
PERINATAL: This simply means mother
HOMO-SEXUALITY: This is sexual intercourse between
persons of the same sex e.g male to male.
LESBIANISM: Sexual intercourse between people of
the same sex eg female to female
HETERO SEXUALITY:This is a sexual intercourse
between persons of opposite sex, example female to male.
INFECTION: An inversion of the body (entry) of a
disease causing organism
CONDOM: A preservative or “rubber” sheath
(usually made of latex) used to cover the penis or virgin by women
during sexual intercourse to prevent pregnancy or to protect against
disease.
WHO: WORLD HEALTH ORGANISATION
MOD OF TRANSMISSION: This is simply the way at
which a disease or disease can be transferred over from a carrier to a non carrier.