ABSTRACT
The purpose of the study was to examine
the indices of sports participation as predictor of non-involvement in
cultism among students of Lagos State University. A total of two hundred
(200) respondents were selected from five faculties. Which was analyzed
using a descriptive statistics of percentage, frequency and inferential
statistics of chi-square at 0.05 level of significance. A
self-structured questionnaire was also used for the study.
Three hypotheses were postulated and all were rejected. The findings revealed the following:
- Availability of sports facilities was significantly predicted as
non-involvement in cultism among students of Lagos State University.
- Scheduling of sports activities was significantly predicted as
non-involvement in cultism among students of Lagos State University.
- The influence of peer group was significantly predicted as
non-involvement in cultism among students of Lagos State
University.
TABLE OF CONTENT
Title page i
Certification ii
Dedication iii
Acknowledgment iv
Abstract v
Table of content vi
CHAPTER ONE
INTRODUCTION
Background of the
study 1 Statement of
the problem 4
Purpose of the study 5
Research questions 6
Research hypotheses 6
Significance of the study 7
Delimitations of the study 7
Limitation of the study 8
Operational definition of terms 8
CHAPTER TWO
LITERATURE REVIEW
Historical development of cultism 9
Concept of sport 14
Concept of cultism 16
Types of sport 19
Importance of sports 21
Provision of facilities and equipment 23
Sport facilities problem and solutions 25
How can we develop sport facilities 29
How to eradicate cultism activities in school 32
Use of sports to curb cultism activities 35
CHAPTER THREE
RESEARCH METHODOLOGY
Research design 44
Population 44
Sample and sampling techniques 45
Instrumentation 45
Validity and reliability of the instrument 45
Procedure for data collection 46
Procedure of data analysis 46
CHAPTER FOUR
PRESENTATION OF FINDINGS
Data presentation 47
Data analysis / hypothesis testing/ discussion 50
CHAPTER FIVE
SUMMARY, CONCLUSIONS AND RECOMMENDATIONS
Summary 56
Conclusions 57
Recommendations
57 References
59
Questionnaire 65
CHAPTER ONE
INTRODUCTION
Background to the Study
One major culture that has the capacity
of developing the mind and body of the Nigerian students is sports.
Sports does not exists in a vacuum; it is part of total educational
program of a nation, which involves local and state systems, regional
councils and international organization, sports without mining words has
developed to become a socio-economic, political, cultural and religious
weapon through which many nations seek to rule the world. Gert (1995)
agrees to this fact by stating categorically that sports has been used
by nation of low recognition to improve their global image and project
their national status to recognition.
Sports also act as a kind of badge for
social exclusivity and cultural distinctiveness for the dominant
classes, it operates a means of control or containment of the working or
popular classes; it is represented as a source of escape and mobility
for talented class of performers. It articulates the fractional status
distinctions that exist within the ranks of large class grouping
(Sugden and Tomlinson, 2000).(Eitzen 2009) also sees sports as that
which can bring people together by giving them a sense of personal
identify, as well as feelings of group membership and social
identification.
Awosika (2000) postulated that sports
has been found to be an instrument of practriotism individuals
especially in a multi-national agency. Also, researches have shown that
participation in sports has positive correlation with academic
achievement (Durcan, 2000).
Olajide (2003) stated that sports
participation represents an integral part of total physical education
programme, which mostly evolves from the intra-mural and extra-mural
programmes. It is designed for students and it serves as an extension of
the instruction programme by giving students with opportunity to
practicalise what they have learnt in the classroom e.g morals and
theories of games. It provides students with opportunities that will be
conducive for their health and physical fitness. It motivates student’s
participation in sports skills at their own level. It provides a forum
or avenue to share common interest. It encourages the process of
psychological meaning or self-confidence so important to the adolescent.
The concept of a “cult” as defined by
Homby, (2001) is a small group of people who have extreme religious
beliefs and who are not part of any established religion. Akanni (1999)
postulated that a “Cult” could be said to emanate from great and or
idea. This could be manifested in ritual, praised songs, chants and
worship.
Omoluabi (1999) opined that against the
background of the nature of campuses, the theories and functions of
groups, the formation of all kinds of groups in campuses is inevitable.
The so-called campus cults or secret society are groups of students who
have un-orthodox social practices. The groups that have pirates,
Buccaneer, Black axe, Black beret, Eiye confraternity, Mafioso and
Daughters of Jezebel. The group’s characteristics are: holding meetings
at unusually times and in unusual places, wearing weird customers,
singing outrageous songs, adopting outlandish nicknames, love of rituals
and poor personal adjustment, magical activities and low self-esteem.
However, as it has been postulated above
that cultism and the violence associated with it are inevitable
phenomena on campuses, the realization that group behavior of the
individual member of the group further confirms that inevitability.
Arising from this background, the purpose of this study is to appraise
indices of sports participation as predictors of non-involvement in
cultism among students of Lagos State University.
Statement of the Problem
In the recent past, sports and provided a
forum for unity and social interaction through the participation of
fellow country men and women representing the country in some events
such as track and field, football, and tennis. However, these
participants are majorly from other works of life except academics. It
has been noted that for instance the contingent i.e presenting Nigeria
in 1989 under 20 World cup, only multi Adepoju happened to be an
undergraduate from university of Ibadan.
To this end, if samples will be taking
it will be discovered that just a fraction or a small percentage of
students participate in sports to the point of representing the country
in both National and International events. Showing the lack of interest
or encouragement post by stunts towards sporting activities. This
research therefore aims at looking closely into the cases, causes
consequences and panacea which will provide modalities for institutions
of higher learning to integrate sporting activities into the
educational system thereby encouraging a lot of undergraduates or
students from various facilities to explore their
talents.
Purpose of the Study
The purpose of the study will be:
- Looking at the availability of sports facilities as predictors of
non-involvement in cultism among students of Lagos State University.
- Finding out how scheduling of sports activities should be
furthermore intensified in order to encourage continuous participation
in sports among students of Lagos State University.
- To how whether the influence of peer group will predict their
non-involvement in cultism among students of Lagos State University
Research Questions
The following research questions will be raised in the course of the study:
- Will availability of sports facilities significantly predict
non-involvement in cultism among students of Lagos State University.
- Will scheduling of sports activities significantly predict non-involvement in cultism among students of Lagos State University
- Will the influence of peer group significantly predict non-involvement in cultism among students of Lagos State University.
Research Hypotheses
- Availability of sports facilities will not significantly predict
non-involvement in cultism among students of Lagos State University.
- Scheduling of sports activities will not significantly predict
non-involvement in cultism among students of Lagos State University.
- The influence of peer group will not predict cultism among students of Lagos State University.
Significance of the Study
The study when fully completed will be
immense contributions to the development of sports in tertiary
institutions in the following ways:
- It will upgrade the university to sustain student’s interest regarding sports.
- The university programme will be redesigned so as to create a
meaningful and adequate time for students during which they could take
part in sporting activities.
- It will also suggest vital techniques to be adopted by the
university authority in predicting sports participation among students
of Lagos State University.
Delimitations of the Study
- This research work is delimited to five (5) selected faculties in Lagos State University. These are:
(i) Faculty of Sciences
(ii) Faculty of Social Science
(iii) Faculty of Management Science
(iv) Faculty of Education
(v) Faculty of Art
- A total of 200 participants will be used as sample for the study.
Limitations of the Study
The following are limitations envisaged in the study and they are:
- The reluctance of respondents in taking part of the study
- Responses bias from the respondents, which may affect the validity of the study.
Operational Definition of Terms
- Indices: A sign or measure that can be judged.
- Sports: An organized competitive activity involving physical effort and skill.
- Predictor: state that an event will happen in the future
- Non-involvement: Act of not giving a lot of time and attention.
- Cult: A way of life, an attitude, an idea that has become very popular