THE EFFECTS OF DEREGULATION OF TELECOMMUNICATION IN NIGERIAN ECONOMY (A CASE STUDY OF TELECOMMUNICATION IN BOTH NIGERIA AND SOME WEST AFRICA COUNTRIES)

ABSTRACT

This research work is based on the effect of Deregulation of telecommunication Industry in Nigeria In 1992 through the promulgation of Nigeria communication commission (NCC) Decree No. 75 of 1992 introducing private participation in the provision of telecommunication service in Nigeria thus ending the state owned (NITEL) monopoly of the sector and ushering in competition.

The objectives of the research project is to examine low Deregulation in expected to enhance efficiency of the Telecommunication industry in Nigeria in two ways.

First is through the curtailment of the inefficiency that arises as result of regulation and isolation of forms from actual and potential competition.

Secondly rents accruing to rent seeking group benefiting from regulation would be dissipated by a mere competitive market environment.

The objective were addressed by asking relevant question in the questionnaires and formulating various relevant hypotheses in line with the set objective the data collected were analyzed using simple % and frequency distributing the hypotheses were tested by using chi-square statistical method.

The research finding shows that most of the NITEL staff are experienced graduate. It also indicates that deregulation of the telecommunication sector will improve the organization performance, motivation, profit and competitive market environment.

It was recommended that, in order for Nigeria to be able to boost their bargaining position there are a number of factor that need to be taken into account.

As technology advance and there is greater convergence of telecommunication computer networking and broadcasting services and industries developing countries that are attempting to liberalize their market will be faced with newer, more powerful competitor. It is important to understand the underlying meaning of the convergence. If linearization is undertaken to enhance the infrastructural capacity provided by the telecommunication sector as is more often the case than not tem unless there is a strong regulation framework and technical and financial assistance, the incumbent operator may not be able to compete successfully in the market.

The rapid and phenomenal growth of the internet and mobile data service have created new channel for distribution of content (voice, data and video).

Finally the falling cost of technology and its rapid pace of change means constantly having to keep up to date and having an efficient decision making structure to adapt to these changes and take advantage of new technologies.

TABLE OF CONTENTS

Cover page

Certification

Dedication

Acknowledgement

Abstract

Table of contents

CHAPTIER TWO

Literature Review and Conceptual Framework

2.1     Introduction

2.2     Post Colonial Era

2.2.1  The 1960s

2.3     The 1970s

2.3.1  The 1970-75 Plan Period

2.3.2  The 1975-80 Plan Period

2.4     The 1980s

2.5     The Present

2.5.1  The Existing Network

2.6     Extent of Current Services

2.6.1  Maritime Services

2.6.2  International Services

2.6.3  Scope of National Service

2.6.4  Cellular Telephone

2.7     Institutional Structure

2.7.1  Management Structure of Nitel

2.8     Telecommunication Regulation

2.9     Telecommunications Financing

2.10   Manufacturing

2.11   Trends in Technology Adoption

2.12   Regional and Continental Collaboration

2.13   Pattern of Traffic between Nigeria and Other Countries

2.14   Process of Change

2.15   Future Trend

2.16   Benefits from Telecommunication Liberalization

2.17   Potential cost of Trade Liberalization

2.18   Challenges faced by Developing Countries in Liberalization

of Telecom

2.19 The Structure of the Nigerian Telecommunication Industry

2.20 The Reforms Undertaken in Nitel

References

CHAPTER THREE

Research Methodology and Analytical Framework

3.1     Research Design

3.2     Research Hypothesis

3.3    Population and Sample of Study

3.4     Sample Size

3.5     Questionnaire Design and Administration

3.6     Source of Data

3.7     Data Analysis Instrument

3.8     Significance test of Statistical Analysis

3.9     Choice of Statistical Analysis

References

CHAPTER FOUR

Data Analysis and presentation

4.1     Introduction

4.2     Response Analysis

4.3     Analysis of Data According to Research Question

4.3.1 Management level of Respondents

4.3.2 Sex Distribution of Respondents

4.3.3 Marital Status

4.3.4  Age Group

4.3.5 Educational Background

4.3.6 Working Experience in Nitel

4.3.7  Working Experience in Telecommunication Industry

4.3.8 Do you mean what Deregulation means?

4.3.9 Is there need for Deregulation

4.3.10 Would Deregulation affect Nation's Security?

4.3.11 Is the cost of owning each of the means of Communication

Expensive in Nigeria?

4.3.12 Is the Bill Paid Monthly Exorbitant?

4.3.13 Is the Tariff Paid High

4.3.14 Is there Low call Completion Rate?

4.3.15 Is there Congestion in Network?

4.3.16 The Deregulation of the Industry does not Influence

Efficiency of the Industry Negatively

4.3.17 Deregulation does not Discourage Competition

4.3.18 Deregulation does not Exploitation of Consumers

4.4     Analysis of Data According to Tests of Hypothesis

4.4.1  Test of Hypothesis

References

CHAPTER FIVE

Summary, Conclusion and Recommendations

5.1     Summary

5.2     Conclusion

5.3     Recommendation

Bibliography

CHAPTER ONE

INTRODUCTION

1.0    BACKGROUND OF STUDY

At the end of the Uruguay Round of Negotiation in 1994, 63 countries had made commitments to open up their telecommunications markets. On February 5 1997, an agreement was signed by 69 countries (the Basic Telecommunications Agreement, BTA), under the WTO to progressively open up their te1ecom markets to foreign investment and competition and to abide by a common set of rules and to ensure fair play. The agreement was supposed to have reduced the cost of international calls by as much as 80% and was a major break-through because the countries involved accounted for 92% of the global telecom revenues. The areas covered under the agreement include all basic telecom services including voice, data, fax, radio and satellite - based services. More than forty countries made reference to or included in their commitments, the reference paper on regulatory principles, a framework document for regulating the dominant carrier in each country, obliging them to give new entrants access to the established network at non-discriminatory prices. While new entrants would rely on established networks initially, there would be no barriers to entry. Time scales for implementation were different from different countries depending on how developed they were.

In addition, there is an annex on telecommunications and a references paper that talk about the te1ecom sector. The Annex on telecommunication is of particular significance for electronic commerce and was drafted during the Uruguay Round by negotiators realizing that, despite Article VIII, telecom service providers were In a unique position in having the potential to undermine commitments undertaken In schedule In any service sector in which telecommunications were essential to doing business. The Annex defends all users of telecommunications services.

Article IV of the GATS seeks to increase participation by developing countries in services. It is applicable to publicly available basic networks and services regardless of whether these arc supplied" by a monopoly or through competition. It requires governments to ensure that other members' suppliers are afforded reasonable and non discriminatory access to and use of public telecom transport networks and services for the supply of services include in it's schedule The reference paper on telecommunication is was to ensure competition in the supply of telecom services.

The telecommunications industry in Nigeria witnessed the deregulation of telecommunications services in 1992 through the promulgation of Nigerian Communication Commission (NCC) Decree, No. 75 of 1992, introducing private participation in the provision of telecommunications services in Nigeria, thus ending the state-owned NITEL's monopoly of the sector and ushering in competition.

Deregulation is expected to enhance efficiency in two ways. First is through the curtailment of the inefficiency that arises as a result of regulation and isolation of firms from actual and potential competition. Secondly, rents accruing to rent-seeking groups benefiting from regulation would be dissipated by a more competitive market environment. While much has been written about the experience of developed economies with deregulation and privatization of public utilities (Oniki et al, 1992; Imai, 1994; Wellenius and Stern, 1994), there have been few studies on the experience of developing countries especially those in Africa.

In the main, this study examines the impetus for reform, what happened in the wake of commercialization and deregulation, and the changes in the economic environment.  The telecommunication sector is the most rapidly growing and technologically dynamic sector and the pressure to move t he sector out or it's traditional public utility monopoly status is being exerted all over the world and is ultimately irresistible.

1.1     SIGNIFICANCE OF THE STUDY

Telecommunications infrastructure lies at the heart of the information economy. Countries lacking modern telecommunications infrastructure cannot compete effectively in the global economy. Until the early 1980s, the telecommunications sector was viewed as the quintessential public utility. Economies of scale, combined with political sensitivity, created large entry barriers and externalities, beginning from the 1980s, however, policy makers gradually began to recognize that telecommunications systems are as essential infrastructure for economic development. As the economy broadens and becomes critically dependent on vastly expanded flows of information, telecommunications acquires strategic importance for economic growth and development. Rapid innovations in telecommunications and information technology arc lowering costs, creating new services and changing U1C cost structure of many industries. Driven by unrelenting technological and market forces, telecommunications has become one of the world's most dynamic sectors Wellenius and Stern, 1994; Saunders et al, 1994).

In response to the need to overcome persistent shortfall in telecommunications investments and performance, telecommunications restructuring has assumed a global dimension and the wave of telecommunication reforms that began in the 1980s in a few highly developed economies quickly spread to several developing countries. By 1993, major reforms had been undertaken in at least 15 developing counties and a comparable number were In preparation [Wellenius and Stern, 1994). The impact of these new policy initiatives has been profound, hut if the new pragmatism in telecommunications policy is to succeed, policy initiatives will need to be broadened and deepened.

1.2    STATEMENT OF PROBLEM

Prior to commercialization, NITEL operated as a very inefficient. monopoly grappling with lack of clear policy direction, counter productive bureaucratic red tape and a myriad of other problems. These problems led to sub-­optimal performance in all spheres of its 'operations, from inadequate infrastructure to very low quality customers services, Up to 1991, access to telephone services was limited to about 20% of the population and area of coverage.  As at December 1991, there were about 450,000 direct exchange lines giving an average penetration level of about 1 line per 250 inhabitants as against international telecommunications union recommendation of 1 line per 100 persons for developing nations. There were over 500,000 waiting applicants nationwide, while telex subscriber figures stood at 7,985.

These figures reflects poor capacity utilization since installed telephone and telex capacities were over 500,000 and 15,000 respectively. The quality of services was also poor and constant congestion of switching equipment led to long dial tone delays and very low call completion rates. On average, the call completion rates for local, long distance and incoming international calls were as low as 40, 40 and 45 respectively, as against the expected 60 and 50% for local and international calls (Nwafor, 1997).

Furthermore, an efficient billing system was lacking and in fact it was suspected that about 20%) of subscribes did not receive bills, while only 7% of amounts generated were being collected. These factors culminated in consistent. operating losses and low returns on investment as showed in it's audited accounts, which recorded persistent losses.

1.3     AIMS AND OBJECTIVES

The main objective of the study IS to ascertain the quantitative and qualitative evidence concerning the efficiency and welfare improving effects of deregulation of the telecommunications sector in Nigeria. the specific objectives of the study are:

• To analyse the production structure of Nigerian telecommunications and estimate the total factor productivity growth.
• To decompose total factor productivity growth into scale economies and deregulation effects with a view to estimating efficiency gains due to deregulation.
• To assess the regulatory changes in the sector in the wake of commercialization.
• To analyse the options for evolving a viable telecommunications sector in Nigeria.

1.4     STATEMENT OF HYPOTHESIS

HYPOTHESIS 1

Ho:   The deregulation of the telecommunication industry does not significantly influence the efficiency of the industry negatively.

HI:    The deregulation of the telecommunication industry does significantly influence the efficiency of the industry negatively.

HYPOTHESIS 2

Ho:      The deregulation of telecommunication industry does not discourage competition.

H1:    The deregulation of telecommunication industry docs discourage competition.

HYPOTHESIS 3

H0:     The deregulation of telecommunication industry does not result to exploitation of consumers.

HI:    The deregulation of telecommunication industry does results to exploitation of consumers.

1.5     RESEARCH METHODOLOGY

Data to be used in this study would be secondary and partly primary data. Primary data will be derived from questionnaires, while tile secondary data would constitute publications from the Nigerian communications commission (NCC), the ministry of communications and also unpublished write-ups.

The qualitative data analysis will he through chi-square technique to evaluate the desirability of deregulation in the telecommunication industry in Nigeria.

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1.6     SCOPE AND LIMITATION OF STUDY

Since it's inception a little over a century ago, Nigeria's telecommunications system has progressed through various stages of development from the primitive communications equipment in it's colonial days to "the enormous variety of technologies available today. The process of Nigeria's telecommunications development and its progress, problems and prospects are examined and discussed from it's emergence to the expansion and modernizat.ion efforts of the 1990s.

This research work will be limited in coverage to the Nigerian telecommunications limited (NITEL). The business environment will include the employees, customers, competitors, the regulatory body etc. the research work will endeavour to make both the descriptive and empirical analysis of the desirability of deregulation In the telecommunication industry with special emphasis being placed on NITEL.

1.7   PLAN OF THE STUDY

Chapter one will give a background of the study, it also contains the objectives, significance of the study as well as the scope and limitations of the study.

Chapter two which is the literature review and conceptual framework would review a conceptualization of issues relating to the study.

Chapter three would show the research methodology used in the study.

Chapter four would show the presentation and analysis of data here, results of research findings will be analyzed, interpreted and summarized."

Chapter five will include summary of findings, which will lead naturally to it's conclusion. The conclusion will thus be used as basis for making recommendations regarding the use of the information provided by the study.