ABSTRACT
Poverty has the consequences of breeding
social disillusionment with respect to what the objectives are and
members responsibilities towards attainment of the objectives just as
ignorance maintains poverty, so also can poverty perpetuate ignorance,
since the victims cannot think. And pray beyond where the next meal is
coming from.
The magnitude and extent of poverty in
any country depend on two factors: the average level of National income
and the degree of inequality in its distribution. Clearly, for any given
level of National per capita income, the more unequal the distribution,
the greater the incidence of poverty. Similarity, for any given
distribution, the lower the average income level, the greater the
incidence of poverty.
TABLE OF CONTENTS
Title page
Certification
Dedication
Acknowledgement
Abstract
Table of contents
CHAPTER ONE
1.0 Introduction
1.1 Problems analysis
1.2 Objectives of the study
1.3 Research questions
1.4 Research hypothesis
1.5 Research methodology
1.6 Significance of the study
1.7 Scope and limitation of the study
1.8 Plan of the study
CHAPTER TWO: Literature Review
2.0 Introduction
2.1 Concept and nature of poverty
2.2 Causes and effect of poverty
2.3 Poverty alleviation in Nigeria
2.4 Incidence of poverty
2.5 Poverty alleviation
2.6 Approaches to poverty alleviation
2.7 Food security and poverty Alleviation
2,8 Major constraint facing agriculture
2.9 Poverty alleviation and their assessment in Nigeria
2.10 Development of National Framework for poverty alleviation
in Nigeria
CHAPTER THREE: Research Methodology
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3.0
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Introduction
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3.1
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Research design
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3.2
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Population of study
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3.3
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Sample of Study
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3.4
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Research questions
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3.5
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Research hypothesis
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3.6
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Analytical statistics
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CHAPTER FOUR: Data Analysis and Interpretation
4.1 Introduction
4.2 Analysis of questionnaire
4.3 Analysis and discussion of results
CHAPTER FIVE: Summary of findings
5.1 Summary of findings
5.2 Conclusion
5.3 Recommendations
5.4 Research for further studies
Bibliography
CHAPTER ONE
1.0 INTRODUCTION
The World Bank (2000) defines poverty as
a "multidimensional phenomenon, encompassing inability to satisfy basic
needs, lack control, poor health, malnutrition, lack of shelter, poor
access to water and sanitation, vulnerability to shocks, violence and
crime, lack of political freedom.
The food and Agriculture organization of
united Nation (FOA) defines food security as "access by all people at
all times to food needed for a Healthy and active life" (FAO 2000).
However, achieving food security necessitates that food be available on a
regular basis and that all those people in need of it can obtain it.
According to FAO, chronic under nutrition and food insecurity are
principally caused by a combination of factors such as low agricultural
productivity, high seasonal and year to year variability in food
supplies and lack of off-farm employment opportunities.
The issue of poverty alleviation is
recently emerging as a major subject of concern in national and
international policy discourse. However, the intensity of poverty in
less developing countries is more severe than that of the developed
countries. Poverty is seen as a problem of economic development in less
developing countries while growth is perceived to be the problems of
developed countries.
The magnitude and extent of poverty in
any country depend on two factors: the average level of National income
and the degree of inequality in its distribution. Clearly, for any given
level of National per capita income, the more unequal the distribution,
the greater the incidence of poverty. Similarly, for any given
distribution, the lower the average income level, the greater the
incidence of poverty.
During the 1970s, the interest in
poverty increases development economists took first step in measuring
its magnitude, within and across countries by attempting to establish a
common poverty line. They went even further and devised the widely used
concept of absolute poverty. It is meant to represent a specific minimum
level of income needed to satisfy the basic physical need of food,
clothing, shelter, in order to ensure continued survival.
In addition to struggling on low income
many people in developing nations fight a constant battle against
malnutrition disease and ill health. Although there have been
significant improvements since the 1960s, in the least developed
countries of the world, life expectancy in 1998 still averaged only 48
years, compared to 63 years among other developing countries and 75
years in developed nations.
In the 1990s, the situation continues to
deteriorate in sub-Saharan African with deep declines in food
consumption and widespread famine in both Asia and Africa, over 60
percent of the population barely met minimum calorie requirements
necessary to maintain adequate health, moreover, it has been estimated
that the calorine deficit amounted to less than a 2 percent of the world
cereal production. This contradicts the widely held view that
malnutrition is inevitable result of imbalance between World populations
and world food supplies. The mores likely explanation can be found in
the world income distribution. Thus malnutrition and poor health in the
developing world are perhaps even more a matter of food production, even
though, the two factors are indirectly interrelated.
The basic reason for the concentration
of people and production in agricultural and other primary production
activities in developing countries is a simple fact at low income
levels, the first priorities of any person are food, clothing and
shelter. Agricultural productivity is low not only because of large
numbers of people in relation to available land but also LDC
agricultural is often characterized by primitive technologies, poor
organization and limited physical and human capital inputs.
Technological backwardness persists because developing country
agriculture is predominantly non-commercial peasant farming. It is no
wonder that efforts to improve efficiency of agricultural production and
increase the yields of rice, wheat, maize, (corn), soya beans, and
millet are now and will continue to be top priority development
objectives.
1.1 PROBLEM ANALYSIS
Food security, a means of poverty
alleviation efforts in Nigeria is sustained through local initiation as
well as international assistance. There are however, several obstacles
to the effective implementation of the programmes. Some of the obstacles
hunges from the fact that many of the programme were either not well
designed, formulated or implementation in a co-ordinate manner, most of
the poverty reduction programmes have relied solely on government
subvention for their operation resulting in financial problem during the
period of decline in government revenue, discontinuity and other
bureaucratic decent.
The programmes also fail as a result of
inconsistency, corruption of government officials and public servants,
poor target mechanism and failure to focus directly on the poor and
thereby reducing poverty.
1.2 OBJECTIVES OF STUDY
The aim of this study is to examine the
impact of food security as a means of poverty alleviation in Nigeria. In
addition this study seeks to examine:
a. The impact of National programme for food security on poverty alleviation in Nigeria.
b. The effect of food security in alleviation poverty.
c. To access the impact of other poverty alleviation programmes on the poor.
1.3 RESEARCH QUESTIONS
1. Do food insecurity constitute a problem to poverty alleviation in Nigeria
2. Does poverty alleviation programme impacted on the poor.
3. Does food security leads to poverty reduction.
4. How effective is food security as a means of poverty alleviation in Nigeria.
1.4 RESEARCH HYPOTHESIS
Ho: Food insecurity do not significantly influence poverty.
Hi: Food insecurity do significantly influence poverty.
1.5 RESEARCH METHODOLOGY
The research methodology adopted in this
study would be partly theoretical and partly quantitative. Data
requirement for the study shall be obtained purely through include
primary such data sources administration of questionnaire, oral
interview personal observation e.t.c. The survey method shall be adopted
to analyze the data obtained from the primary data. Chi square test is
employed to analyze the data.
X2 = (Foi - fei)+ (FO2 - Fe2)+ ………….. (Fon - Fen)2
Fei Fei Fen
Where X2 = chi square
Fo = frequency observed
Fe = Frequency expected.
1.6 SIGNIFICANCE OF STUDY
An examination of indicator of economic
performances shows how that poverty has eaten deep into the fabric of
the society. The GDP is severely declining, unemployment increasing, low
level of agricultural productivity, high seasonal and year to year
variability in food supplies and low level of income.
In order to reduce hungers, action is
required in the following areas: ensuring enabling conditions, improving
access to food, producing food, increasing the role of trade, dealing
adequately with disaster and investing in food security. Poverty is
considered as one of the major causes of food insecurity and poverty
eradication is essential to improve access to food.
1.7 SCOPE AND LIMITATION OF STUDY.
This study is carried out with emphasis
on food security as a means of poverty alleviation in Nigeria. The
researcher is carried out by using well structured questionnaire form
distributed to various categories of people in the economy particularly
farmers, students and government agencies within the Lagos environment.
The study is limited to the analysis of the contribution of food
security in terms of: poverty reduction through food security and
improving agricultural productivity.
1.8 PLAN OF STUDY
The research work is divided into five
(5) chapters. Chapter one examine the introduction (if the study.
Chapter two examines the review of literature on food security and
poverty alleviation in Nigeria. Chapter three contains the research
methodology and analytical framework. Chapter four captures the
presentation of data and its analysis while chapter five rounded up the
study with the summary, conclusion and recommendation.