CHAPTER ONE
1.0 INTRODUCTION
This project is about integration of intelligent traffic
control system, for the types of collisions, congestions and traffics rules.
The examples and perceptive in this project deal primarily with World
computerized traffic control system and some civilized countries. Traffic
light, also known as traffic signal, stop light, traffic lamp, stop and go
light, robots or semaphore, are signaling
devices positioned at road
inspections, pedestrian crossing, and other locations to control competing
flows of traffic.
1.1 BACKGROUND
TO THE STUDY
The increase in urbanization and traffic congestion create an
urgent need to operate our transportation systems with maximum efficiency.
Real-time traffic signal control is an integral part of modern Urban Traffic
Control Systems aimed at achieving optimal Utilization of the road network.
Providing effective real time traffic signal control for a large complex
traffic network is an extremely challenging distributed control problem. Signal
system operation is further complicated by the recent trend that views traffic
signal system as a small component of an integrated multimodal transportation
System. Optimization of traffic signals and other control devices for the
efficient movement of traffic on streets and highways constitutes a challenging
part of the advanced traffic management system of intelligent transportation
system.
Simply defined, Intelligent
Transport Systems and Services is the integration of information and
communications technology with transport infrastructure, vehicles and users.
For a large-scale traffic management system, it may be
difficult or impossible to tell whether the traffic network is flowing smoothly
and assess its current state. Over the past few years, multi-agent systems have
become a crucial technology for effectively exploiting the increasing
availability of diverse, heterogeneous and distributed information sources.
Researchers over the Years have adopted numerous techniques and used various
tools to implement multi-agent systems for their problem domains. As
researchers gain a better understanding of these autonomous multi-agent
systems, more features are incorporated into them to enhance their performance
and the enhanced systems can then be used for more complex application domains.
Intelligent software agent is an autonomous computer program,
which interacts with and assists an end user in certain computer related tasks.
In any agent, there is always a certain level of intelligence. The level of the
Intelligence could vary from pre-determined roles and responsibilities to a
learning entity. Multi-Agent System is the aggregate of agents, whose object is
to decompose the large system to several small systems which communicate and
coordinate with each other and can he extended easily. Agent-based simulations
are models where multiple entities sense and stochastically respond to
conditions in their local environments, mimicking complex large scale system
behavior. The urban traffic system is a much complex system, which involved
many entities and the relationship among them are Complicated.
Therefore, the most important issues
for a learner agent is the assessment of the behavior and the intelligence
level of the other agents. By sharing vital information, Intelligent Traffic
System allows people to get more from transport networks, with greater safety
and with less impact on the environment. Intelligent Traffic System helps the
whole transport system to work most effectively and efficiently. Intelligent
Traffic System integrates users, transport systems, and vehicles through
state-of-the-art information and communications technologies. Intelligent
Traffic System can dramatically improve travelers’ safety, efficiency and
comfort. Intelligent Traffic System helps shippers and carriers move freight to
its destination reliably and efficiently. Intelligent Traffic System helps the
people who run transport systems provide better service to their customers.
Intelligent Traffic System helps get the best value from the road and rail
systems we already have. Intelligent Traffic System helps traffic flow more
smoothly, reducing delays, fuel consumption, and air and noise pollution.
Intelligent Traffic System helps make public transport more convenient and
affordable.
Intelligent Traffic System often works behind the scenes.
When emergency vehicles get to a crash site more rapidly than before,
Intelligent Traffic System is detecting the crash, notifying emergency
services, and getting the nearest response unit rapidly to the site. Technology
in a vehicle prevents skidding and helps the vehicle to stop safely; the driver
may not even realize that assistance was provided, but Intelligent Traffic
System is at work.
1.2
statement of
the problem
Traffic congestion is an increasing problem in cities and sub
urban spend more of their time commuting to work, school, shopping, and social
event as well as dealing with traffic light jambs and accidents. Traffic became
heavy in all directions, more to and from cities as well as between sub urban
locations. Sub urban business locations required huge parking lots because
employees have to drive; there were few buses trains, or trolleys to carry
scatter workers to their work place. The hope of reduced congestion in the sub
urban had not been realized; long commutes and traffic jams could be found
everywhere.
1.3
AIMS and objectiveS
Intelligent Traffic System provides travel opportunities and
additional travel choices for more people in more ways, wherever they live,
work and play, regardless of age or disability.
The aims of this research work are:
-
To
design and implement an intelligent traffic control system.
-
To
develop a suitable algorithm to implement the design.
-
To
simulate the intelligent traffic control using Visual Basic programming.
The first objective is to make each
of the traffic lights or semaphores smart. That is, aware of the time of day,
basic turn red, green or yellow rules, and perhaps what traffic looks like in
all directions based upon locally mounted signals. In achieving these aims, the
following objectives will also be followed:
-
To
design a simple system that is easily adaptable to the existing traffic
conditions at the junction, involving a minimum of physical changes in the
intersection.
-
To
provide the quickest possible clearance to vehicular and pedestrian traffic in
all directions at a junction.
-
To
a design flexible artificial intelligence traffic light system that will take
care of changes in the traffic density and character.
-
To
reduce the stress of the traffic warder.
-
To
reduce the occurrence of possible accident.
-
To
verify the efficacy of the program.
1.4 SIGNIFICANCE
OF THE STUDY
The important of this research work
are:
-
It
will help in reducing the occurrence of possible collision or accident and
thereby improve the confidence of the driver and the pedestrian plighting
through the highways.
-
The
project to allay the fear of time wastage at the junctions because of unevenly
directions of traffic system.
-
Since
the system is capable of working for 24hours uninterrupted thereby assured
constant availability of traffic control service hence reduce human effort and
energy.
1.5
SCOPE OF THE STUDY
The scope is the design of an intelligent traffic control
system. The modern method of traffic control system is indicating each light at
a particular time interval to pass a vehicle at one lane and stop vehicle on
the other lane. The light is broken into three (3) categories (Red, Yellow, and Green) to signal to lane on what to do at
a particular time where the red signify STOP, yellow signify READY, and green
signify MOVE.
Each light is designed to turn itself on whenever it is
necessary and turn off the time elapse.
1.6 limitation
of the study
Traffic congestion is a serious problem despite costly effort
to create an integrated method of traffic control system. The number of private
automobiles used mainly by people with middle and income, has increased faster
than any form of transportation in Lagos (Nigeria) and this has increased a
demand of expansion of roads, parking space and improved computerized traffic
control system.
1.7 methodology
The designed method employed for the intelligent traffic
control system for this case study was the use of Split Cycle and Offset
Optimization Technique. This technique used was use for the signal timing
optimization and also to make a series of frequent adjustment for signal timing
to minimize the modeled vehicle delays of the case study. The method is
developed to meet the need of today`s traffic management. Visual basic was the
developed program used for designing the intelligent control system of the case
study and its design analysis as a functional designed method for the
specification that identifies whether a new replacement system is required.
This is done so as to ensure proper accuracy, efficiency and effectiveness
which is the basic of a traffic control system
1.8 DEFINITION
OF TERMS
Traffic Light: A road signal for
directing vehicular traffic by means of colour lights, typically red for stop,
green for go, and yellow for proceed with caution.
Intelligent Traffic System: refers to information
and communication technology that improve
transport outcomes such as transport safety, transport productivity, travel
reliability, informed travel choices, social equity, environmental performance
and network operation resilience.
§ Intelligent Traffic System will help
all travelers get where they need to go regardless of age or disability and
regardless of where they live. Intelligent Traffic System will provide better
information on available services to travelers who cannot or choose not to drive
including those who are mobility or sight-impaired.
§ Intelligent Traffic System will also
help make it easier to pay for transport services. The future will include a
single electronic payment mechanism to pay for fuel, tolls, public transport
fares, parking, and a variety of other charges that busy travelers encounter
every day. Intelligent Traffic System will help convey the needs and interests
of transport system customers to the people who manage the system, helping to
ensure a transport system that is responsive to those needs and interests.
Intelligent Traffic System will help managers of the transport system to make
services safer and simultaneously available for motorists, cyclists,
pedestrians, and users of public transport.
§ Intelligent Traffic System will help
focus the transport system on meeting the needs of all its customers. Better
meeting customer needs means a renewed focus on customer service and effective
operations.