EFFECTS OF ECONOMIC PARTNERSHIP AGREEMENTS ON AGRICULTURAL TRADE BETWEEN SMALL AND LARGE ECOWAS ECONOMIES AND THE EU

EFFECTS OF ECONOMIC PARTNERSHIP AGREEMENTS ON AGRICULTURAL TRADE BETWEEN SMALL AND LARGE ECOWAS ECONOMIES AND THE EU


2,450 marked this research material reliable.
Call or whatsapp: +2347063298784 or email: info@allprojectmaterials.com
Department: agronomy project topics | Type: Project Topics | Project Topics and Materials | List of Project Topics | Research Project Materials | Journals | Thesis | Articles | Online Project Materials | Business Plan | Final year project topic | Format: Ms Word and PDF | Attribute: Documentation Only | Pages: 63 Pages | Chapters: Complete Research work from Chapter 1 to 5; All chapters | Inclusive: Abstract, Preliminary Pages, Table of Contents and Appendices | Cost: ₦ 5,000.00


EFFECTS OF ECONOMIC PARTNERSHIP AGREEMENTS ON AGRICULTURAL TRADE BETWEEN SMALL AND LARGE ECOWAS ECONOMIES AND THE EU

PROJECT TOPICS AND MATERIALS ON EFFECTS OF ECONOMIC PARTNERSHIP AGREEMENTS ON AGRICULTURAL TRADE BETWEEN SMALL AND LARGE ECOWAS ECONOMIES AND THE EU


TABLE OF CONTENTS

Title page                                                                                                                i

Certification                                                                                                     ii

Dedication                                                                                                      iii

Acknowledgment                                                                                                  iv

Table of contents                                                                                                v

List of tables                                                                                                    vii

List of figures                                                                                              viii

Abstract                                                                                                             ix

CHAPTER ONE: INTRODUCTION                                                                    1

1.1       Background of the Study                                                           1

1.2       Problem Statement                                                             5

1.3       Objectives of the Study                                                      7

1.4       Study Hypotheses                                                                         7

1.5       Justification of the Study                                                7

1.6       Limitations of the Study                                          8

CHAPTER TWO: LITERATURE REVIEW                                                                  9

2.1      The Status of Economic Partnership Agreements (EPAs) Negotiations 9

2.2       Trade Effects (Creation or Diversion)                               10

2.3       Revenue Effects                                                                  13

2.4       Welfare Effects                                                                14

2.5       ECOWAS Regional Block and Trade Policies                        16

2.6      Importance of International Agricultural Trade                    18

2.7       Empirical Literature                                                        19

2.8       Theoretical Framework                                                                22

2.8.1    Heckscher–Ohlin theorem (HO)                                              23

2.9       Analytical Framework                                                 24

2.9.1    Smart Model for Partial Equilibrium Simulation Analysis    27

CHAPTER THREE: RESEARCH METHODOLOGY                          32

3.1       The Study Area                                                       32

3.2       Sampling Procedure                                                            33

3.3       Data Collection                                                                    33

3.4       Data Analysis                                                                           34

3.4.1    Model Specification for Objective 2                                       34

3.4.2    Model Specification for Objective 3                                        36

3.4.3   Model Specification for Objective 4                                             37

CHAPTER FOUR: RESULTS AND DISCUSSION              38

4.1       Patterns of Imports of Sample of small and large economies of ECOWAS Countries (the Gambia and Nigeria).                            39

4.2:      Potential trade effect of EPAs between ECOWAS (the Gambia and Nigeria) and EU on Agricultural products.                                     41

4.3:      Potential Revenue Effect of EPAs between ECOWAS (The Gambia and Nigeria) and the EU                                                           44

4.4:      Potential Welfare Effect of EPAs between ECOWAS (The Gambia andNigeria) and the EU                                                                      46

4.5       Agricultural Sensitive Products for the Selected Small and Large ECOWAS Economies (the Gambia and Nigeria).                         48

CHAPTER FIVE: SUMMARY, CONCLUSIONS AND POLICY IMPLICATIONS                                                              50

5.1       Summary                                                                         50

5.2       Conclusion                                                                            51

5.3       Recommendations                                                                  53

5.4       Contributions to Knowledge                                                   53

5.5       Areas for Future Research                                                 54

REFERENCES                                                                                             55

APPENDIX                                                                                             62

LIST OF TABLES

 4.1:     Patterns of Agricultural Imports of the Gambia              39

4.2:      Patterns of Agricultural Imports of Nigeria                              40

 4.3:     Potential trade effect of EPAs between ECOWAS (the Gambia and Nigeria) and EU on Agricultural Products                                   42

4.4:      Potential Revenue Effect of EPAs between ECOWAS (The Gambia and Nigeria) and the EU                                                45

4.5:      Potential Welfare Effect of EPAs between ECOWAS (The Gambia and Nigeria)  and the EU on Agricultural Products                                      47

LIST OF FIGURES

 1.1:     Intra-ECOWAS trade (as % of total exports and imports) (Extracted from ITC (Trade map), 2014)                                        4

 1.2:     ECOWAS trade with other regions (Extracted from ITC (Trade map), 2014)                                                                                                     4

 2.1:     Diagram showing effects of trade creation (Author`s design, 2014)       11

 2.2:     Diagram showing effects of trade diversion (Author`s design 2014)       13

 2.3:     illustrating the impact of reciprocity in an EPA               26

 4.1:     Potential Trade Effects of the Gambia on EPAs with EU on Agricultural Products using 2010 as base line (Author`s design from SMART, 2014)                  43

 4.2:     Potential Trade Effects of Nigeria on EPAs with EU on Agricultural Products (Author`s design from SMART, 2014)                         44

4.3:      Potential Revenue Effects of EPAs between ECOWAS (The Gambia and Nigeria) and the EU on Agricultural products (Author`s design from SMART, 2014)                                                                               46

 4.4:     Potential Welfare Effect of EPAs between ECOWAS (The Gambia and Nigeria) and the EU on Agricultural Products (Author`s design from SMART, 2014)                                                                            48

ABSTRACT

Smart Simulation Partial Equilibrium Methodology was employed in this study to determine Effects of Economic Partnership Agreements on Agricultural trade between small and large ECOWAS economies and the EU. Specifically, the study looked at the patterns of imports of sample of two ECOWAS countries the Gambia and Nigeria; the potential trade effects on the selected countries embarking on free trade under economic partnership agreement scenario; the potential revenue effects on the selected countries under the same platform; the potential welfare effects on the selected countries under the same platform; the sensitive products based on source and volume of import criteria. WITS provided access to international trade and protection related data and offered built-in-analytical tools for the study. Results of the analysis on patterns of import of the selected ECOWAS countries showed that the Gambia’s highest ($62158.328 million) proportion of imports came from ROW, followed by imports from the EU ($ 13071.561 million) and least ($1372.053 million) imports from ECOWAS region. However, it was observed that the highest ($28493.34 million) product group imported by the Gambia was product group 10 (cereals) at 45.840% from ROW. The results on patterns of agricultural imports of Nigeria showed that Nigeria’s highest ($1817981.912 million) imports on agricultural products came from ROW; followed by imports from EU ($982718.781 million) and least ($45635.089 million) imports from ECOWAS region. It was further observed that product group 10(cereals) was the highest ($699,878.321million) product group Nigeria imports which came from ROW at 38.50%. Result on Potential Trade Effect of EPAs between economies of ECOWAS countries studied and the EU, showed that the EU beneficiary countries (ECOWAS) were seen to gain $35926.855 million in “Trade Creation” and $15081.5191 million in “Trade Diversion”, while Total Trade Effect amounts to $20845.0309 million in Product groups studied as obtained from SMART Simulation Partial Equilibrium 2014. Result on Potential Revenue Effect of the two sample ECOWAS countries going into EPAs, showed total likely revenue losses (-$17223.665 million) for the two sampled countries on the  product  groups studied, with Nigeria recording higher ( -$16666.638 million) loss and Gambia recording least ( -$557.027). Result on Potential welfare effect of EPAs between the economies of ECOWAS countries studied and EU showed likely welfare gain ($2326.905 million) for the consumers in all the agricultural products studied. With Nigeria recording higher welfare gain ($2238.793million) than the Gambia ($88.112 million) in all the product groups studied. Result on sensitive products based on source and volume import criteria, showed that product group 3, 4 and 15 were identified to contain the potential sensitive products for the ECOWAS countries studied and should be exempted from EPAs as identified by the study. Base on the findings of this study, the following recommendations were made: The trade effect showed that ECOWAS countries are likely to record greater trade creation effect than trade diversion effect in favour ECOWAS countries. The on-going Economic partnership Agreements (EPAs) negotiations between ECOWAS and the EU need to be concluded and implemented based on this ground but measures should be taken to guide the infant industries to protect them from fazing off from production due to cheaper goods flooding ECOWAS markets from EU market.There is need for fiscal reforms to replace EPAs induced tariff revenue losses. The fiscal reforms should entail shifting revenue from trade to non-trade tax sources and improving the efficiency of fiscal revenue collecting policies. Examples of non-tariff instruments that may assume greater importance in revenue generation include value-added tax (VAT) and excise taxes charged on imports from the EU. If  ECOWAS countries can adapt this measure, EPAs should be signed since the lost revenue can be reclaimed via these means. Agricultural product groups 3, 4 and 15 should be the likely sensitive products for the ECOWAS countries and should be exempted from EPAs as identified in this study.

CHAPTER ONE

INTRODUCTION

1.  BACKGROUND OF THE STUDY

The Economic Partnership Agreements (EPAs) betweenEconomic Community of West African States (ECOWAS) and the European Union (EU) are aimed at promoting trade between the two groupings. The expectations are that through trade deepened integration, development in addition to sustainable growth and poverty reduction would evolve in ECOWAS sub region. The EPAs are set out to help West African countries integrate and as well into the world economy and share in the opportunities offered within and outside the sub-region by globalization. Also, it hopes to provide scope for wide-ranging trade co-operation on areas such that services, and standards acting as drivers of change to kick-start reform and help to strengthen rule of law in the economic field, thereby attracting foreign direct investment (FDI), to help create a “virtuous circle” of growth  (ECOWAS Statistical Bulletin,2013).  

 However, with the exception of about 15 Caribbean states that signed a regional economic partnership agreement (EPA), negotiations with all the other countries have continued. To preserve their access to the EU market after 2007, about 20 countries concluded interim trade agreements. This light version of the original EPAs has not put an end to the negotiations as some of these countries would like to see the terms of the trade agreement revised, or their scope extended, and concluded at regional levels, to preserve their regional integration process (ECDPM, 2012). In this regards, one wonders how Ivory Coast and Ghana each could have a bilateral free trade agreement with the EU. This is because opening their domestic market to European products, while their West African partners, with whom they form a customs union, keep protecting their market from the EU would, very logical lead to EU goods flooding the whole regional markets via these two countries, rendering the West African customs union and further integration process totally ineffective. This scenario which seems to be unique to West Africa is the same in several other African regions (Stevens, 2006).

Recently, Europe threatened to withdraw the special trade preferences by 2014 to countries not showing commitment to proceed with their interim EPA. Europe’s objective hopefully is to press for the conclusion of broader trade deals at regional level that would replace these awkward and controversial interim EPAs. In an apparently generous move, the European parliament’s trade committee called on decision-makers to extend this deadline to 2016. The identification of regionally traded products in a bid to sustaining them through joint and diversified action plan by the region is very necessary in aiding the negotiations through listing of products where trade exist among ECOWAS for which the EU are suppliers. These should be exempted from tariff removal (McKay, Milner & Morrissey, 2005).

EPAs date back to the signing of Cotonou Agreements in 2000 and are “tailor-made” to suit specific regional circumstances. In 2002 when the EU opened free trade negotiation with 78  African, Caribbean and Pacific countries, it promised to go beyond conventional free-trade agreements, focusing on ECOWAS among other ACP countries’ development and taking into account their socio-economic circumstances included co-operation and assistance to aid ECOWAS implement the Agreements. The opening up of the EU markets fully and immediately (unilaterally by the EU since 1st January 2008), and allowing ECOWAS 15 to 25 years to open up to EU imports while providing protection for the sensitive 20% of imports are also major aspects of EPAs ( Busse & Grossman ,2007).

            However, Chris, Morrissey and Evious (2008) stated that the introduction of reciprocity under an EPA will tend to threaten intra-regional trade in ECOWAS region for a number of reasons. There is a direct displacement threat to the traded products existing among regional suppliers by the elimination of the external tariff protection vis-a-vis European exporters. There is also an indirect threat associated with the displacement of domestic production by European exporters in domestic markets, which may thereby reduce regional production capacity and future prospects for intra-regional exporting. These threats to ECOWAS regional trade development can be offset in a number of ways. Most obviously, as negotiations allow for the exclusion of sensitive products and for phased introduction of the tariff reductions, ECOWAS regions in general may benefit by treating products traded within the region as sensitive for EPAs, hence avoiding or postponing any reductions on tariffs on imports from the EU. If EPAs promote increased ECOWAS exports to the EU there is potential to benefit from spill-over (Onogwu, & Arene, 2013).

The results reported and discussed in many studies are based on a number of ex ante studies of the trade effects of EPAs on various ACP groupings or countries undertaken by the authors thus: – McKay, Milner and Morrissey (2005) analyzed the welfare impacts on the East African Community (EAC);Greenaway and Milner (2006) covered CARICOM and Milner, Morrissey and Zgovu (2008) considered aspects of impact and adjustment costs for the EAC and. Morrissey and Zgovu (2011) focused on agriculture and total respective imports for a large sample of ECOWAS countries to compare the welfare effects of a full liberalization with a scenario that excluded products traded intra-regionally. These studies measured the regional trade displacement effects of the liberalization of tariffs on imports from the EU given their areas of study.

            By far, one of the studies closer to this   research intention was the study by Busse, et al (2004). Though their study was on’ agricultural products it was silent over trade classification and product details. Again, their study was silent at product sections levels hence on the listing of products traded among ECOWAS member nations within the region for which EU are suppliers (sensitive products) requiring sustenance. This can be used as a strong bargaining factor in EPAs between ECOWAS and the EU. Besides, other authors have not, however, explored in many details the associated trade, tariff  revenue and welfare effects of EPAs on neither intra-ECOWAS trade, nor have they explicitly considered the source and volume of imports of traded products as a measure for sensitive products listing and criterion in designing a reduction of adverse intra-ECOWAS trade development effects. This proposalaims at filling these gaps.

 

DOWNLOAD COMPLETE WORK FOR EFFECTS OF ECONOMIC PARTNERSHIP AGREEMENTS ON AGRICULTURAL TRADE BETWEEN SMALL AND LARGE ECOWAS ECONOMIES AND THE EU


Additional Information

  • The Project Material is available for download.
  • The Research material is delivered within 15-30 Minutes.
  • The Material is complete from Preliminary Pages to References.
  • Well Researched and Approved for supervision.
  • Click the download button below to get the complete project material.

Frequently Asked Questions

In-order to give you the best service available online, we have compiled frequently asked questions (FAQ) from our clients so as to answer them and make your visit much more interesting.

We are proudly Nigerians, and we are well aware of fraudulent activities that has been ongoing in the internet. To make it well known to our customers, we are geniune and duely registered with the Corporate Affairs Commission of the republic of Nigeria. Remember, Fraudulent sites can NEVER post bank accounts or contact address which contains personal information. Free chapter One is always given on the site to prove to you that we have the material. If you are unable to view the free chapter 1 send an email to info@researchcub.info with the subject head "FREE CHAPTER 1' plus the topic. You will get a free chapter 1 within an hour. You can also check out what our happy clients have to say.


Students are always advised to use our materials as guide. However, if you have a different case study, you may need to consult one of our professional writers to help you with that. Depending on similarity of the organization/industry you may modify if you wish.


We have professional writers in various disciplines. If you have a fresh topic, just click Hire a Writer or click here to fill the form and one of our writers will contact you shortly.


Yes it is a complete research project. We ensure that our client receives complete project materials which includes chapters 1-5, full references, questionnaires/secondary data, etc.


Depending on how fast your request is acknowledged by us, you will get the complete project material withing 15-30 minutes. However, on a very good day you can still get it within 5 minutes!

What Clients Say

Our Researchers are happy, see what they are saying. Share your own experience with the world.
Be polite and honest, as we seek to expand our business and reach more people. Thank you.

A Research proposal for effects of economic partnership agreements on agricultural trade between small and large ecowas economies and the eu:
Reviews: A Review on effects of economic partnership agreements on agricultural trade between small and large ecowas economies and the eu, effects, economic, partnership project topics, researchcub.info, project topic, list of project topics, research project topics, journals, books, Academic writer.
Smart Simulation Partial Equilibrium Methodology was employed in this study to determine Effects of Economic Partnership Agreements on Agricultural trade between small and large ECOWAS economies and the EU. Specifically, the study looked at the patterns of imports of sample of two ECOWAS countries the Gambia and Nigeria; the potential trade effects on the selected countries embarking on free trade under economic partnership agreement scenario; the potential revenue effects on the selected countries under the same platform; the potential welfare effects on the selected countries under the same platform; the sensitive products based on source and volume of import criteria. WITS provided access to international trade and protection related data and offered built-in-analytical tools for the study. Results of the analysis on patterns of import of the selected ECOWAS countries showed that the Gambia’s highest ($62158.328 million) proportion of imports came from ROW, followed by imports from the EU ($ 13071.561 million) and least ($1372.053 million) imports from ECOWAS region. However, it was observed that the highest ($28493.34 million) product group imported by the Gambia was product group 10 (cereals) at 45.840% from ROW. The results on patterns of agricultural imports of Nigeria showed that Nigeria’s highest ($1817981.912 million) imports on agricultural products came from ROW; followed by imports from EU ($982718.781 million) and least ($45635.089 million) imports from ECOWAS r.. agronomy project topics

EFFECTS OF ECONOMIC PARTNERSHIP AGREEMENTS ON AGRICULTURAL TRADE BETWEEN SMALL AND LARGE ECOWAS ECONOMIES AND THE EU

Project Information

Share Links

Download Post (MsWord)
Download Post (PDF)

Search for Project Topics

Project topics in Departments

How much does it cost to hire a writer in Nigeria?

Looking for Professional Approach and Quality Research Services ?

Estimating the cost of research writing in Nigeria: Freelance writers in Nigeria may charge anywhere from ₦5,000 to ₦50,000 or more per project, depending on the factors mentioned earlier. SEO-focused content may be on the higher end of this range due to the additional skills and research involved. For a more accurate estimate, it's recommended to reach out with us, discuss your specific requirements, and request a quote based on the scope of your project. Prices can vary, so getting personalized quotes will help you determine the cost more precisely.

Undergraduate Project Topics, economics project topics, marketing project topics, business administration project topics, engineering project topics, computer science project topics, banking & finance project topics, education project topics, law project topics, sciences project topics, public administration project topics, political science project topics, mathematics project topics, medical science project topics, mass communication project topics, research projects, geology project topics, marketing project topics, agriculture project topics, Browse Thousands of Final Year Project Topics, hire a writer, Research Works and Materials, Project topics and materials in Nigeria, Undergraduate Project Topics, Research Works and Materials, research topics, research project materials, complete project materials, computer science project material, free project topics, complete projects, accounting topics, small business topics, entrepreneurship topics, project materials, Nigerian undergraduate projects, business administration projects, computer science topics and projects, MBA Nigerian project topics, human resources, small businesses, entrepreneurship projects, economics projects, impacts projects, effect projects, university projects, polytechnic projects, investigate projects, political science projects, mass communication projects, project topics, human resource projects, education projects, French topics, project analysis, French projects, project tips, project abstract, project proposals, project bibliography, project reference, project seminar, forex, TSA, treasury single account, currency, naira, devaluation, undergraduate projects, final project research, marketing project topics, statistics project topics, mathematics project topics, statistics, mathematics, research projects, project thesis, labour force theses, NCE, OND, HND, BTECH, BSC, MBA, MSC, English projects, linguistic project topics, Free Project topics and materials in Nigeria, research topics, reseach project materials, computer science project material, free, complete, accounting topics, small business topics, materials, nigeria projects, business administration projects, computer science topics and projects, MBA nigeria project topics, human resources, small business, entrepreneurship projects, economics projects, impact projects, effects projects, training, budgets, ghana, university, polytechnic, browse Free project materials and topics in Nigeria, accounting and finance project materials, business administration project materials and topics, human resources, entrepreneurship, computer science and engineering project materials and topics, Accounting project topics, Accounting project topics and materials, Agricultural Economics Project Topics and Materials, Agricultural Science Projects topics and materials, All Project topics and materials, Architecture Project topics and materials, Aviation project topics and materials, Banking & Finance Projects topics and materials, Biology project and materials, Building project topics and materials, Business Administration & Management Projects topics and materials, Chemical Engineering Project Topics and materials, Civil Engineering Projects topics and materials, Communication & mass communication art project topics and materials, Computer Engineering Project Topics and materials, Computer Science Projects topics and materials, Criminology project topics and materials, Economics Research Projects topics and materials, Education Project Topics and Materials, Electrical Engineering Projects and materials, English Education & English Language Project topics and materials, Food Science project topics and materials, Geology Project Topics and materials, Guidance Counseling Project Topics and materials, History project topics and materials, Home Economics Project Topics and Materials, Human Resource Projects topics and Materials, Industrial Chemistry Projects topics and materials, Insurance Projects topics and materials, Law project topics and materials, Library and information science project topics and materials, Marine and Transport management project topics and materials, Marketing Projects topics and materials, Mathematics project topics and materials, Medical Sciences Project Topics and materials, Microbiology project topics and materials, Nursing and Midwifery project topics, Nursing and Midwifery project topics and materials, Optometry or nursing project topics and materials, Petroleum Engineering project topics and materials, Pharmacy project topics and materials, Philosophy project topics and materials, Photography project topics and materials, Physical and Health Education project topics and materials, Physiology project topics and materials, Political science project topics and materials, Project topics and materials, Psychology project topics and materials, Random project, Religious and Cultural Studies Project Topics and Materials, Sociology and Anthropology Project topics and materials, Sociology Project Topics and materials, Tourism project topics and materials, Vocational education project topics and materials. Project Topics: List of Project Topics | effects of economic partnership agreements on agricultural trade between small and large ecowas economies and the eu | effects | economic | partnership Project Topics | researchcub.info