ABSTRACT
Soya beans and Ife brown beans were evaluated for their
physical characteristics (seed size, seed shape, textile colour and weight)
before and after cooking with hot plate. The cooking time of the Ife brown
beans seed was 52 minutes and soya beans seed did not
cook after 180 minutes of boiling.
The chemical analysis revealed that the proximate
composition for whole soya beans , dehulled soya bean, roasted soya bean flour
and Ife brown bean were;CP. 22.69%, 24.56%, 20.94%, 27.75% and 19.44%
respectively, while values were 7.42% for whole soya beans seed, 2.22% for
dehulled soya beans, 5.86% for roasted beans, 1.88% for soya milk and 5.47% for
Ife brown. The ash content were 4.90%, 4.75%, 3.85%, 1.50% and 3.6% for whole
soya bean seed, dehulled soya bean seed, roasted soya bean flour, soya milk and
Ife brown. The samples had EE of 22.28%, 25.78%, 24.71%, 15.37%, and 4.98%,
respectively and their NFE were 42.68%, 42.69%, 44.64%, 46.50% and 66.51%
respectively.
The mineral measured in the bean samples were Na: 0.04%,
0.02%, 0.12%, 0.03%, 0.03%; K: 0.43%, 0.49%, 0.51%, 0.33% and 0.29%; P 0.4%,
0.38%, 0.44%, 0.24% and 0.13% respectively. Ca content was 0.77%, 0.5%,0.35%,
0.39% and 0.24% respectively. While Mg was 0.03%, 0.14%, 0.25%, 0.15% and 0.12%
respectively. Fe content was 22.68 mg/kg, 20.93 mg/kg, 24.56 mg/kg, 20.75 mg/kg
and 9.35 mg/kg respectively. Zn was 12.55 mg/kg, 14.12 mg/kg, 13.08 mg/kg,
20.75 mg/kg and 7.35 mg/kg respectively. This study also shows that Ife brown
absorbed more water than soybeans, soybeans were also smaller than Ife brown
and the weight of Ife brown was also higher than soybeans. There were
variability in the chemical composition of various beans samples.
TABLE OF CONTENT
Title page———ii
Abstract——–iii
Acknowledgement——–iv
Certification———v
Table of content——–vi
List of Tables——–viii
CHAPTER ONE
1.1 INTRODUCTION——1
1.2 Production—–2
1.3 Marketing ——-3
1.4 Agricultural Characteristics—4
1.5 Physical Characteristics and Morphology of the Soybean-7
CHAPTER TWO
LITRETURE REVIEW
2.1 Origin and History of soybean—–8
2.2 Soybean Varieties——12
2.4 Nutritional Importance of Soybean—–15
2.5 Some traditional product of Soybeans—-21
CHAPTER THREE
MATERIALS AND METHODS—–24
3.1 Sources of Materials——24
3.2 Physical Evaluation——24
3.3 Cooking characteristics—–25
3.4 Chemical Analysis——26
3.5 Mineral composition——28
CHAPTER FOUR
RESULTS AND DISCUSSION—–31
4.1Physical Characteristics of Soya Beans and Ife-brown-31
4.2Cooking duration and effect on physical characteristics
of beans 31
4.3Proximate composition of soy beans, the proximate
products and Ife brown—–32
4.4 Mineral composition of soybeans, dehulled soybeans,
roasted
soybeans flour, soymilk and Ife brown. —33
CHAPTER FIVE
DISCUSSION ——-34
5.1 Physical Characteristics —–34
5.2Chemical Analysis——35
CHAPTER SIX
CONCLUSION AND RECOMMENDATION —-37
6.1Conclusion ——-37
6.2Recommendation ——37
REFERENCE——-38
LIST OF TABLES
Table 1: World production of soybeans COUNTRY—-3
Table 2: Physical characteristics of Soybean and Ife brown—31
Table 3: Effect of Cooking on Seed Size and Shape—-32
Table 4: Proximate composition of soybeans and its
products–33
Table 5: Mineral Composition of soybean and its product —34
CHAPTER ONE
INTRODUCTION
The soybean (U.S.) or soya bean (UK) (Glycine max)
(Multilingual Multiscript Plant Name Database. Retrieved September, 2012.) is a
species of legume native to East Asia, widely grown for its edible bean which
has numerous uses. The plant is classed as an oilseed rather than a pulse by
the Food and Agricultural Organization (FAO).
Fat-free (defatted) soybean meal is a significant and cheap
source of protein for animal feeds and many pre-packaged meals; ( Swarthmore
College Computer Society, 2012). Soy vegetable oil is another product of
processing the soybean crop. For example, soybean products such as textured
vegetable protein (TVP) are ingredients in many meat and dairy analogues (Riaz
and Mian, 2006). Soybeans produce significantly more protein per acre than most
other uses of land ( National Soybean Research Laboratory., 2012).
Traditional non fermented food uses of soybeans include soy
milk, and from the latter tofu and tofu skin. Fermented foods include soy
sauce, fermented bean paste, natto, and tempeh, among others. The oil is used
in many industrial applications. The main producers of soy are the United
States (35%), Brazil (27%), Argentina (19%), China (6%) and India (4%) (USDA,
2012). The beans contain significant amounts of phytic acid, alpha-linolenic
acid, and the isoflavones genistein and daidzein.
The soybean [Glycine max (L.)] Merrill, family Leguminosae,
subfamily Papilionoidae] originated in Eastern Asia, probably in north and
central China. It is believed that cultivated varieties were introduced into
Korea and later into Japan some 2000 years ago. Soybeans have been grown as a
food crop for thousands of years in China and other countries of East and South
East Asia and constitute to this day, an important component of the traditional
popular diet in these regions.
Although the U.S.A. and Brazil account today for most of the
soybean production of the world (see Table 1), the introduction of this crop to
Western agriculture is quite recent. Soybeans are primarily an industrial crop,
cultivated for oil and protein. Despite the relatively low oil content of the
seed (about 20% on moisture-free basis), soybeans are the largest single source
of edible oil and account for roughly 50% of the total oilseed production of
the world(FAO, 1992).
With each ton of crude soybean oil, approximately 4.5 tons
of soybean oil meal with a protein content of about 44% are produced. For each
ton of soybeans processed, the commercial value of the meal obtained usually
exceeds that of the oil . Thus, soybean oil meal cannot be considered a
by-product of the oil manufacture. The soybean is, in this respect, an
exception among oilseeds.
It can be calculated that, the quantity of protein in the
yearly world production of soybeans, if it could be totally and directly utilized
for human consumption, would be sufficient for providing roughly one third of
the global need for food protein. This makes the soybean one of the largest
potential sources of dietary protein. However, the bulk of soybean oil meal is
used in animal feeds for the production of meat and eggs. Despite considerable
public and commercial interest in soybean products as food, the proportion of
soybean protein consumed directly in human nutrition is still relatively
small(FAO, 1992).
1.2 Production
World production of soybeans has increased by a factor of
eight in the last half century to reach its present level of over 100 million
metric tons per year (Table 1). The leading producers are the U.S.A. (45%),
Brazil (20%) and China (12%). Much of this phenomenal growth was due to the
sharp increase in the U.S.A. production between 1950 and 1970, and to the
introduction of the soybean to Brazilian agriculture in the sixties.
An important factor in this development was the considerable
improvement in the yields, through plant breeding and advanced agro technical
practice. Consideration of the economic advantages of soybeans has led many
countries to start large scale production of this crop. The consequences of
these efforts are now beginning to be seen. The share of the “rest of the
world” in the production scene has been growing steadily to reach the present
level of 23%(FAO, 1992).
Table 1. World production of soybeans COUNTRY
COUNTRY PRODUCTION
( million metric tons ) kilogram/hectare
1976 1986 1987 1988 1976 1988
U.S.A. 34.4 52.8 52.3 41.9 1721 2270
Brazil 11.2 13.3 17 18 1750 1859
China 12.1 16.6 12.2 10.9 855 1443
WORLD 62.1 94.4 100.2 92.3 1384 1909
Source: FAO Production Yearbook, 1992
1.3 Marketing
Soybeans are marketed as most other major bulk commodities.
Spot and future prices are governed by offer and demand. With the exception of
periods of disastrous drought in the major producing areas, supplies have been
able to keep abreast of the increasing demand. Consequently, the price of
soybeans on the international market has remained remarkably stable, despite
inflation.
Over 25% of the world production of soybeans is traded,
unprocessed, on the international market. Most of the trading is done by a
small number of large companies. The U.S.A. is the leading exporter, with
approximately 75% of the traded volume. The leading importer is Japan. In
addition, very considerable quantities of soybeans are processed in the
countries of production, for export as meal or oil. In fact, some countries
favour the export of meal and/or oil over the export of unprocessed beans, as a
matter of foreign commerce policy. As an example, exports of soybean meal from
Brazil far exceeds the quantity of raw soybeans exported by that country.
The peculiar meal/oil ratio of soybeans, as mentioned
before, may create an exportable surplus of one of the two products. This type
of imbalance between the local demands for oil and protein explains part of the
international commerce of soybean meal and oil.
Soybeans are sold by grade and the price is adjusted
accordingly. In the U.S.A., soybeans are classified as grains and as such,
their grading is regulated by the U.S. Grain Standards Act. The criteria for
grading are test weight (weight per unit volume, lb./bushel), damaged seeds and
calor (proportion of green, brown or black beans). The purchaser may include
additional quality parameters according to the end use.
Moisture content is an absolute requirement and it is always
specified in the contracts and certificates, regardless of grade.
Soybean production and trade quantities are often expressed
in bushels. Although the bushel is a unit of volume, it can be converted to
weight, assuming a standard weight-per-bushel value. One metric ton of soybeans
is normally equivalent to 36.7 bushels. Conversely, one bushel of soybeans
weighs 60 pounds or 27.24 kilograms.
1.4 Agricultural Characteristics
Soybeans grow well on almost all types of soil, with the
exception of deep sands with poor water retention. The optimal soil pH is 6.0
to 6.5, therefore liming may be required. With respect to climate, the soybean
grows best in temperate zones. The soybean is a so-called short-day plant,
meaning that flowering occurs when the nights begin to lengthen. The breeding
of varieties with different maturation periods (maturity groups) has permitted
optimal production in a wide range of latitudes. Recently, a worldwide program,
known as the International Soybean Variety Experiment (ISVEX) and headed by the
International Soybean Program (INTSOY) of the University of Illinois at
Urbana-Champaign, demonstrated the feasibility of growing soybeans in
subtropical and tropical regions as well. It was found that, given adequate
variety selection and under experimental conditions, the yields obtained at
tropical and subtropical locations were comparable to those observed under
temperate climate conditions (about 1950 kg. per hectare). Although the yields
obtained in actual production by farmers are much lower, the results of this
remarkable experiment expand considerably the limits of the potential soybean
growing areas of the world.
Rainfall in the range of 500 to 700 mm. is required for good
yields. Adequate water supply is especially important during the period of pod
and seed development ( pod filling stage ). Irrigation is now considered an
essential factor for increased profit and security to the farmer.
An important characteristic of the soybean plant is its
nitrogen fixation capability through symbiosis with nodulating bacteria in the
soil. It has been estimated that up to 50% of the total nitrogen of the plant
may be supplied by the nitrogen fixing mechanism.
Soybeans are planted in late spring to early summer. Full
maturity is reached in early-to-mid-autumn. At this point, the leaves start to
yellow and drops and the seeds begin to lose moisture. The decision when to
harvest is important. Ideally, soybeans should be harvested when the water
content of the seed is 13%, the maximum safe moisture level for long-range
storage. If the moisture content at harvest is higher, forced-air drying of the
seeds will be required prior to storage. On the other hand, if the seeds are
too dry, extensive splitting and cracking of the beans may occur in the course
of mechanical harvesting. Another factor to be considered is the respiration
losses of the seeds between maturation and harvesting. Respiration rate is
strongly moisture-dependent, being higher at high moisture content. Therefore,
respiration losses may be considerable if harvesting is delayed too long when,
for example, the rate of natural drying of the seeds is low, due to humid
weather.
The use of heated-air dryers provides extra flexibility with
respect to harvesting time and rate of harvesting, independently of weather
conditions.
1.5 Physical Characteristics and Morphology of the Soybean
The shape of the soybean seed varies from almost spherical
to elongated and flat. The industrial varieties grown for oil are nearly
spherical while the elongated varieties are the ones used as a vegetable. The
colour of the seed may be yellow, green, brown or black. Industrial varieties
are yellow and the presence of seeds of other colours in a lot is considered a
defect. Seed size is expressed as the number of seeds per unit volume or
weight. Industrial soybeans weigh 18-20 grams per 100 beans. The seeds of
“vegetable” varieties are considerably larger.
Seed structure consists of the seed coat (hull) and two
cotyledons, plus two additional structures of lesser weight: the hypocotyls and
plumule. The cotyledon represent 90% of the seed weight and contains
practically all the oil and protein in its palisade-like cells. Microscopic
examination of these cells reveals the presence of protein bodies (also known
as aleuron grains) and lipid bodies (or spherosomes) which constitute storage bodies
for proteins and oil, respectively. Protein bodies measure, on the average, 10
microns while the lipid bodies have, typically 0.2 to 0.5 microns in diameter.
The hull, which accounts for roughly 8% of the seed weight,
holds the two cotyledons together and provides an effective protective layer.
1.6 Objective of the Study
The objective of this study is to determine the physical and
chemical characteristics of Ife brown beans, soybeans and some of its products.
Also to determine the nutritional value of these legumes.